摘要
本文共分五个部分。第一部分主要讨论了底板突水的机制，分别探讨了水压力中的静水和动水压力对底板破坏所起的具体作用，矿山压力中的动矿压及静矿压破坏底板的具体作用，以及它们在采矿过程中的发展变化而造成突水的机制；第二部分论述了影响底板突水的地质和采矿条件，在地质因素中，讨论了正常地质条件下和存在构造条件下底板突水存在的差异及共同特点，采矿条件及采煤方法对底板突水影响以及突水规律。依据地质及采矿条件，对走向长壁全部冒落采煤法及其矿压显现特点不同，将底板突水分成４类１０型１２个亚型；第三部分将作者提出的功能理论公式，按上述地质矿压显现类型，使之具体化，并计算了１７７个实例；第四部分按上述定性分析和定量计算结果，以及作者长期在北方岩溶区的工作结果，提出北方岩溶区防治水的总方针是“开两头，综合治理中间，供水排水相结合”。关于治理中间，按照北方岩溶区的情况，提出１０项治理的原则；第五部分讨论了我国研究底板突水的历史。
The water bursting from bottom bed in mining face and other mining hydrogeologic and engineering problems are the geological disasters which hindered the safety of mining,caused enormous losses,and concerned by many people These problems have never been solved successfully in practice In 1973 the author proposed function and hypothesis of rock thrust,water pressure and ground stress in the water bursting from bottom and apical beds,since then,many experiments have been done by some departments in China,a lot of data have been obtained Therefore,it is possible to turn the hypothesis into a theory,it is also lays a good foundation to apply the law of energy conservation to determine the effective fracture zone of bottom and apical beds In order to understand the implication of rock thrust and water pressure proposed by the author,it is necessary to discuss some problems first 1\ THE DESTRUCTION ACTIONS OF BOTTOM BED BY STRESS AND THE MECHANISM OF WATER BURSTIN FROM THE BOTTOM BED The forces which may destroy mining floor include:rock thrust,water pressure and ground stress 1 1\ The water pressure which destroy the floor consists of static and dynamic water pressures The destruction actions of static pressure to the mining floor are:water level rises to certain height through the aquitard because of the water pressure of underlying confined aquifer(i e the water level abnormal rises);The brazilian effect of fracture water under the static pressure;Water filled in the rifts and fractures soften the rocks and decrease the rock strength,especially to mud rock;When working out sections move inward,the tensile fracture system will occur because of water pressure;rock layer below the mining floor will move toward working out sections under the upward stress,but the surrounding coal bed has a downward stress Under this couple forces,a shearing fracture zone with an angle of 40°+ φ/2 has been formed around the mining area;The bigger the static water pressure,the larger the water bursting quantity The functions of the dynamic water pressure are as follows:carrying filling or fragment,enlarging the fracture;Energy conversation effect,which mainly depend upon the erosion and dynamic energy of water;The“negative pressure”and “water hamper”actions have been formed in the water bursting passage and near the interface between aquifer and aquitard,which can furtherly break the rock layer 1 2\ the destroying action and characteristics of rock thrust to the surrounding rocks in the mining area Because of the mining,the surrounding rocks receive forces changed from three directions to two directions,this caused the apical and bottom rock layers move toward each other and then the micro fracture system can be formed;The apical and bottom layers bearing the stress(rock thrust and water pressure),therefore deformed and fractured.This kind of deformation and fracture are not homogeneous in horizontal and vertical directions,it can be divided into different zones According to figure 3,in horizontal direction,the additional stress and strain are the maximum between+25 to +10 m;Stress relax is maximum between +2 to -2 m,but the force received by the rock is increased with the increase of the depth;Between-2 to -4 m,the force received by rock is decreased with the increase of the depth;Between -4 to -10 m the stress and strain are greater in shallow part which is the possible water bursting zone;Between -10 to -36 m,the stress and strain are smaller in the middle part,medium in the center part and greater in the shallow;Between -36 to -60 m,the stress and strain are smaller in the middle part,medium in the shallow and greater in the deep part;The stress and strain above -60 m become normal values,i e ,with smaller values in shallow part and greater values in the deep part In vertical direction,it can be divided several zones:bottom bed mining fracture zone,comprehensive destruction zone with stretching and shearing fractures in the lower part,abnormal rise and surrounding areas;Between the lower and upper limits of
