高唐神女传说之再析——一个冥婚习俗观点的考察

RE-ANALYSIS OF THE GAO TANG GODDESS A Study on the Custom of Sacred Marriage

楚先王梦遇高唐神女的传说故事,其深层内蕴除具有远古圣婚仪式的原型积淀外,也反映出战国以降的冥婚习俗,而这类未婚死亡少女寻觅夫婿的冥婚习俗更常见于六朝"邂逅神女"型传说故事之中。不过,这层社会学意义上的现实风俗习惯却始终隐蔽未彰,反倒是神女传说故事背后的心理学意义上的集体无意识原型持续在历史上发挥着影响,那即是男性内在心理不断冲突的无意识情结。因而不论是《高唐赋》中神话英雄冒险求女历程的神话原型,或是六朝"邂逅神女"的故事类型,其主要功能都是在化解男性内在心理永恒性的对立矛盾情结,超越由此而造成的精神困惑和焦虑,恢复心理的平衡与和谐。可是这个平衡和谐终将又产生出新的矛盾对立,也正由于这个"对立──平衡──对立"的循环辩证怪圈,使得女神原型意象在历史上一再反复出现于梦境、神话、文学和艺术作品当中,也形成一个在中国古代文学长河中令人玩味不已的主题。

The story of Emperor Chu meeting the GaoTang Goddess carries the inner meaning of ancient sacred marriage, it also reflects the tradition of the wedding ceremony for the dead since the ZhanGuo period. This custom of finding husband for young girls who died unmarried is even more frequently found in tales and stories of ＇running into the goddess＇ during the Liu Chao period, However the social context of this custom remain concealed, it is the collective unconsciousness prototype of the psychological context of the stories of goddess which has a continuous influence in history, that is the unconscious and continuous psychological contradiction of the male. So whether the prototype legend of the hero who took the chance pursuing a female in GaoTangFu, or type of stories like ‘running into a goddess＇ in the LiuChao period, their main purpose is to resolve the eternal psychological contradiction of the male, and to overcome the confusion and anxiety thus caused, in order to restore psychological balance and harmony. And it is this ever ongoing ＇contradiction - balance - contradiction＇ dialectics that brings about the repetitive appearance of the prototype image of the goddess in dreams, tales, literature and arts, This also become a theme that aroused the interest of scholars in the development of ancient Chinese literature.