六盘山生态旅游区旅游步道对人类践踏干扰的响应研究

Response of Liupan Mountain Ecological Tourism' Trails to Human Trampling Disturbance

从生态系统响应和游客主观认知的双重视角，对六盘山旅游区旅游步道对人类旅游践踏干扰的响应进行了研究。结果表明：①自然状态下旅游践踏干扰主要集中在旅游步道边缘1—3m范围内，但不同生态系统差异较大。在调查的3个景区中，小南川景区乔灌草生态统主要集中在旅游步道1m左右；凉殿峡景区高山草甸生态系统集中在1—2m之间；野荷谷景区华北落叶松林下生态系统则达到3m左右；②采用地表覆盖物响应指数（Index of Land Cover Impact，IL-CI）和游客可接受改变限度（Limits of Acceptable Change，LAC）来衡量受干扰旅游步道响应程度，在1m范围内各调查样区ILCI均达到4级或5级严重冲击程度；1—2m间以凉殿峡景区ILCI值较高（39％），介于1—2级之间，而小南川与野荷谷景区儿口值属1级轻微影响；3m及以外三者影响基本较小。游客对游道沿线土壤裸露度可接受改变限度为55．7％，3个调查样区1m范围内植被覆盖减少率（CR）均超过此水平；③调查样区旅游步道响应强弱与游道坡度、边坡坡度以及游道宽度具有一定相关性；④地表覆盖物响应指数因与其它各响应变量间显著相关，可作为评估旅游干扰系统响应的一项简易而有效的指标。研究结果也表明，目前旅游践踏干扰已对游道沿线环境以及游客游憩体验产生了一定的负面影响。因此，改变目前景区开发无序状态，加强旅游步道规划设计和游客行为规范，建立长期环境监测系统，将对制定防治游憩冲击策略，促进六盘山生态旅游区可持续发展具有重要指导价值。

From the angles of the response of ecosystem and tourist perceptions, the response of Liupan mountain ecological tourism attraction trails to human being tourism trampling disturbance was studied. This study was conducted to investigate the patterns and extent of trampling impacts along the main tourism trails. In addition to vegetation change represented by cover reduction （CR） and floristic dissimilarity （ FD）, leftover reduction （ LD）, increase of soil hardness （SHI） and Index of Land Cover Impact （ILCI） ,the Limits of Acceptable Change（LAC） was also added as indicator for tourist impact. The results show that trampling disturbance mainly were limited in 1 to 3 miles along the trail;the composite ecosystem in Xiao Nanchuan with arbor, bosk and grass got most serious disturbance. Using ILCI and LAC Index the responses of the three typical ecosys- tems were assessed. The ILCI values of the investigating sections along the 1-meter trail impact is seriousy disturbed, then 2-3 meters, and beyond 3 meters, it is seldomly disturbed. Based on Limits of Acceptable Change （LAC） questionnaires filled out by visitors, the standard of acceptable change in ground coverage was found to be 55.7 % of the coverage reduction from the trail, from this standard,the investigating areas along the 1-meter trail far exceed the LAC. The impac variables are correlated to the gradient, border area gradient and width of the trail. The Index of Land Cover Impact （ILCI） could be an useful index to evaluate the tourism disturbance. The results also indicate that the current tourism disturbance has had some negative effect on the tourist experi- ence and ecosystem. Some suggestions for management were offered to minimize the trampling impacts of this trail. Improving the development environment, strengthening the planning of tourism attraction, and establishing the forest system and tourism information system would offer important guidance to the promotion of sustainable development of Liupan Mountain.