从教谕文献看古代埃及的伦理教育

An Investigation of the Moral Education of Ancient Egypt from the Teaching Text

关于言行和品性的教导是比较为人熟知的教谕文献的重点内容,但是实际上教谕文献当中还包含着伦理教育其他方面的重要内容。首先,文献中暗含着教导方式问题,即一种劝导或者说教的方式。其次,教谕文献的主旨在于以"明智"取代"无知",所以文献中也陈述遵从教导的益处以及忽视教导的害处。另外,和其它涉及伦理内容的文献相比,教谕文献真正地诠释了作为古代埃及伦理学中心概念的"玛阿特"的具体内容,"玛阿特"无疑就是伦理教育的原则。通过对伦理教育相关问题的探讨,可以更为深刻地了解古代埃及伦理教育的基本原理以及社会价值的取向。

The rules of words and deeds are the most important content of teaching text, however,there are also other aspects about ethical education. Firstly, teaching text embraces the way of ethical education, namely, a kind of ＂inducement＂ or ＂preaching＂. Secondly, the substance of teaching text is to replace ignorance by wisdom. Thirdly, compared with other texts relating to ethic problems, teaching text really interprets the content of Maat which is the core of ancient Egyptian＇ s ethics, and Maat thus is the principle of teaching text.