集群的内部治理结构形式及其对集群升级的影响研究

Internal Governance Structure of Clusters and Its Impact on Industry Upgrading

根据浙江省地方产业集群的调研,集群的内部治理结构可以分为准层级、短距离市场、短距离市场+准层级三种类型。一般而言,具有短距离市场治理结构的集群,工艺和产品升级比较缓慢,其主要原因是集群内的中小企业缺少合作与联系;如果能有一个强有力的行业协会引导企业间的协作,则集群具有较大的升级潜力。准层级治理结构的集群中,如果大企业具有绝对领导权,则集群工艺和产品升级容易实现,但中小企业易被锁定在生产环节;如果大企业的权威性不显著,则中小企业间容易产生恶性竞争,影响升级。短距离市场+准层级治理结构是上述两种情况的综合,具有这种治理结构的集群一般都有大型的专业市场,如果专业市场竞争有序,则集群具备实现整体升级的优势;反之,专业市场可能会演变为"柠檬市场",使整个集群的发展陷入信誉危机。

According to the survey on the industry clusters of Zhejiang Province, a cluster＇s internal governance structure can be categorized into three types： Quasi-hierarchy, Arm＇s length market as well as Quasi-hierarchy and Arm＇s length market. Generally speaking, market-based clusters suffer from slow process of product upgrading for the isolated relationship and lack of cooperation among small medium sized enterprises （SMEs）. They would show the great upgrading potential providing that SMEs are guided to collaborate efficiently by a strong trade association. Clusters with the Quasi-hierarchy governance structure are likely to lead to fast upgrading in technology and products if the large enterprises hold the absolute leading position, but the SMEs would be locked in production link. In the absence of powerful large enterprises, blind competition may appear among SMEs and hinder upgrading. Quasi-hierarchy and Arm＇s length market governance structure which usually equips with a large-scale specialized market is a synthesis of the two above-mentioned inner governance structures. Only enterprises in the specialized market compete orderly, could interactive development be realized between the large enterprises and SMEs, which will gradually lead to the overall upgrading of the cluster. Otherwise the specialized market might deteriorate into ＂lemon market＂, which will drive the development of the cluster into a credibility crisis. Therefore, upgrading of such clusters postulates the upgrading of the corresponding specialized markets.