2Spiller HA, Gonnan SE, Villalobos, et al. Prospective multicenter evaluation of tramadol exposure [J]. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 1997, 35(4)1361.
3Gardner JS, Blough D, Drinkard CR, et al. Tramadol and seizures: a surveillance study in a managed care population[J]. Pharmacotherapy, 2000, 20(12): 1423.
4Gasse C, Derby L, Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, et al. Incidence of first-time idiopathic seizures in users of tramadol[J]. Pharmacotherapy, 2000, 20(6):629.
5WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependeuce (ECDD)34th Report[R]. Assessment of tramadol. World Health Organization, 2006.
6WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence(ECDD)34th Report[R]. World Health Organization, 2006.
8Liu Zhimin, Zhou Weihua, Lian Zhi, et al. Drug depen-dence and abuse potential of tramadol [J]. Act Pharmacologica Sinica, 1999, 20(1):52-54.
9Hedenmalm K, Lindh JD, Sawe J, et al. Increased liability of tramadol-warfarin interaction in individuals with mutations in the cytochrome P450 2D6 gene [J]. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2004, 60(5):369-372.
10Scher ML, Huntington NH, Vitillo JA. Potential interaction between tramadol and warfarin [J]. Ann Pharmacother, 1997, 31(5):646-647.
8Jeon Y.Reduction of pain on injection of propofol: combination of nitroglycerin and lidocaine[J]. J Anesth, 2012,26 ( 5 ) : 728-731.
9Kam E, Abdul-Latif M S, McCluskey A. Comparison of Propofol-Lipuro with propofol mixed with lidocaine 10 mg on propofol injection pain[j]. Anaesthesia, 2004,59 ( 12 ) : 1167-1169.
10Ozkocak I. Comparison of ephedrine and ketamine in prevention of injection pain and hypotension due to propofol induction [J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2005,22( 1 ) : 44-48.