中国城市单位制度的变化及其影响

Changes of the DANWEI system and its effects

单位制度作为中国城市中的一种独特现象已引起相关学科的日益关注,但国内地理学界的研究仍然十分缺乏。通过对已有社会学和地理学关于单位研究成果的梳理,构建出"由制度变迁透析城市空间演变"的单位研究新框架;从地理学视角重点评述改革开放以来单位制度的变化及其在就业制度、住房分配制度、福利制度等方面的表现以及对居民日常生活和城市结构的影响。尽管单位制度已经终结,但对中国城市的影响仍以更加"隐形化"的形式存在,在以市场化、全球化为主导的中国城市转型中单位制度的"退出"与影响仍是问题的关键所在。

Before reform and opening-up of China, Chinese urban residents called the social setup or organizations as DANWEI, such as factory, shop, school, hospital, institute, cultural group, party and government organ, and so on, in which they worked or served. However, under the conditions of China＇s DANWEI system, the working organization was not the working place in common sense. DANWEI system is a unique phenomenon in urban China and the key point to understanding relative problems of cities. Since 1990s, more and more researchers from different disciplines have paid their attention to such system and its change. However, we find fewer studies from domestic g WEI eography scholars. This paper thus reviews the related research literature and proposes a framework of DAN- -based research on urban spatial structure, which introduces a macro perspective of institution to spatial issues. Based on the very framework, it then elaborates details on the reform of the DANWEI system, from employment, housing, to other well-being system. What＇ s more, different influences of these changes on residents＇ daily life and urban space are further explained. In the end, the author argues that although DANWEI has gradually lost its dominant role since the launch of the reform, it will still take a long time to withdraw totally ; and taking in its covert effects in the present, we should still attach importance to DANWEI system and its changes in urban studies.