水文过程及其尺度响应

Hydrological processes as well as their responses to scales

水文循环机制涉及到各个尺度界面的水文过程关系。水文变量(降雨、径流等)随时间和空间变化很大,是与尺度响应的非线性过程。尺度转换是建立合适的参数去描述这些过程,涉及到如何穿越不同尺度约束体系(水文过程)的限制。基于对水文响应及其尺度转换认识所建立起来的现行水文模型的主流是还原分析方法,采用小尺度演绎方法,过度参数化成为习以常规,导致无资料流域预测结果的很大不确定性。因此,尺度转换是水文过程研究所面临的主要难点和热点问题。水文模型只有建立在对尺度相关的水文过程深刻理解基础上,对于预测水文响应才是有效的。预测径流在时间和空间的结果是根据径流系统穿越尺度过程的动态分析得出的,把尺度分析转变于水文变量的谱分析,即通过水文变量的谱相分析,认识发生在不同尺度范围内潜在的秩序和规律,研究他们形成的机制,寻求决定水文过程规则的通用表达方式,开发尺度转换的方法。

The water cycle constitutes a set of hydrological processes on various conditions of scales.Hydrological variables are greatly impacted by time and space parameters,being nonlinear processes related to scale responses.As such,some parameters established through scale conversion should be available for description of these processes,and the methods established to interlink /interconnecting the status of parameters with the different scales.Scale conversion is restricted across different scales（different hydrological processes）.Based on understanding of the hydrological responses and scale conversion,current artery of hydrology is reductive methods,i.e.deducted method through small scales,over parameterization has led to a great uncertainty of prediction concerning watersheds because of lack of observation data.Therefore,scale conversion has become difficult issues focused on the research of hydrological process.Only hydrological models based on understanding of hydrological processes in relation to scales could provide a satisfactory prediction of hydrological responses.Predicting action of runoff in space and time is obtained by the dynamic process analysis of the runoff system across scales.Therefore this paper tries to change scale analysis into an analysis of score of the hydrological variables and develops the methods of scale conversion,finding from them the potential laws and orders existing at different scales and searching for their mechanism in order to achieve the universal ways for expressing regulation of hydrological processes,and developing the method of scale conversion.