城市水足迹计算与分析——以上海市为例

Calculation and Analysis of Urban Water Footprint:A Case Study of Shanghai City

水足迹是基于消费基础的水资源利用情况的指示器.水足迹分析可定量反映城市人类活动对水资源系统产生的压力和程度,为城市水资源可持续规划与管理提供了新的思路和研究方向.本文以上海市为案例,计算了2005年上海市的水足迹,并分析了1999-2005年间上海水足迹动态变化过程.结果表明:2005年上海市总水足迹为243.04×108m3,人均水足迹1 366m3/cap/a,水匮乏度高达8.16;近7年间万元GDP水足迹逐年下降,但人均水足迹明显上升.这说明上海市水资源利用呈不可持续状态,今后需要注重提高水资源利用率,提倡节约型生产和消费模式以及实施虚拟水战略等来减少其水足迹,逐步实现城市水资源的可持续利用.

The water footprint concept was introduced in order to have a consumption-based indicator of water use that would provide useful information in addition to the traditional production-sector-based indicators of water use. As a new idea and direction, urban water foot- print can quantify the pressure and effect of urban economic activities on water resources system, by which we can judge the situation of urban water management. Although many papers dealing with water footprint have been published in China recently, few of them focused on urban water use. Taking Shanghai as a case, the study estimated the city＇s present water footprint, and its change in the past 7 years was analyzed. The results indicated that the water footprint of the city in 2005 was 243.04×10^8m^3 or 1 366 m^3 per capita per year, with a deficiency rate as high as 8. 16%. During 1999-2005, water footprint per ten thousand yuan GDP saw a decrease, but water footprint per capita increased. This change has shown that the water use of Shanghai was not sustainable. To lessen the water footprint and achieve sustainable water use, efforts should be made in following aspects such as the increase of recycling rate, the adoption of prudent production and consumption and the implementation of the Virtual Water Strategy.