举证责任分配、举证责任倒置与举证责任转移——以民事诉讼为考察范围

Distribution,Inversion and Shift of Burden of Proof:In Perspective of Civil Litigation

举证责任分配是民事证据制度核心中的核心,举证责任分配实质标准应遵循的原则顺序为:实体法律(包括实体法司法解释及实体法附属法、隐形法)的规定,当事人的约定,经验法则,公平或诚实信用原则。举证责任的转移与举证责任倒置二者均是对可能导致适用失当的一般举证责任分配规则的调整,不同的是举证责任倒置为法定,举证责任部分转移制度则是由法官根据具体的案件情形作出的裁定转移。

Distribution of burden of proof is center of centers in civil evidence institution. In order of importance of the substantial standards, distribution of burden of proof is subject to ： （ 1 ） provisions of substantive law （including judicial interpretation and subsidiary statutes of substantive law, and latent law） ; （2） agreement of the parties ; （3） customary rules ; and （4） principle of justice or good faith. Both reversion and shift of burden of proof are designed to remedy misapplication of general distribution principles. Their difference lies in that reversion of burden of proof is described by law while shift of burden of proof is decided by a judge with his/her discretion in specific cases.