植物显微及超微结构变化与其抗逆性关系的研究进展

Research Progress on the Relationship between Plant Microstructure and Ultrastructure Changes and its Tolerance

植物的形态结构总是与环境相适应。环境逆境影响植物生长,并可引起植物形态结构的相应变化,如干旱胁迫下根的皮层层数减少,以缩短水分横向运输的距离;盐胁迫使根表皮和皮层细胞中的线粒体数量增加,可为渗透适应补充能量。高盐下,茎皮层细胞叶绿体内淀粉粒数目显著增多,体积增大,既缓解了能量的短缺,保证细胞正常的生命活动,又可提高渗透压,利于水分的吸收与保持。有些旱生植物的叶子上常有浓密的表皮毛或白色的蜡质,这可能与减低蒸腾作用和反射强光有关。本文概括了不同逆境下植物根、茎、叶的显微及超微结构变化,并对这些结构变化与植物抗逆性之间的关系进行了分析,旨在为植物抗逆性机理研究和抗逆性品种培育提供有益的参考。

Plant morphological structure always adapts to the environment. Many environment factors make the stresses for the growth of plant and change the plant morphological structure. For example, the quantity of cortex layers of root reduces under drought stress, which makes it possible to shorten the transverse transportation dis- tance of water. The amount of mitochondria in both root epidermis and cortex is found to increase under salt stress, which may be considered as a kind of energy supplement of osmotic adaption. The number and bulk of starch grains in chloroplast of stem cortex cells increases distinctively, which not only alleviate the shortage of en- ergy in order to ensure normal life activity, but also raise the osmotic press which is beneficial for water absorbing and maintaining. Bushy. epidermis hair or white wax can be easily observed on the leaves of some xerophil, the function of which might be decrease transpiration and reflex high light. In this paper, microstructure and ultrastructure changes in roots, stems and leaves under stresses were reviewed, and the relationship between these structure changes and plant tolerance was analyzed, which provides a useful information for the research of the tolerant mechanism and breed cultivation.