北京、上海两地2004和2005年大气污染特征对比分析

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN BEIJING AND SHANGHAI IN 2004 and 2005

为了解北京、上海两市大气污染的变化及其影响因素之间的关系,根据2004、2005年大气质量监测数据,分析了北京、上海两地大气污染特征和两地主要大气污染物的变化规律。结果表明,2004、2005年北京市的PM10最大值是最小值的63.7倍,北京市的变化幅度较上海市的变化幅度大;2004、2005年北京市的SO2最大值是最小值的46.7倍,上海市的SO2最大值是最小值的13.1倍,上海市的SO2污染的因素变化幅度较小;两市的NO2浓度都较高,且季节变化不太明显;两市NO2浓度年平均值满足国家空气质量二级标准,但质量浓度都较高,这与两市的机动车尾气污染有关;两市SO2浓度年平均值除上海市2005年外均满足国家空气质量二级标准,上海市SO2污染严重与上海市消耗大量煤炭有关,北京市SO2污染物浓度年度变化剧烈与冬季取暖烧煤有关;两市可吸入颗粒物污染比较严重,北京市PM10浓度年平均值超过国家空气质量二级标准,上海市PM10浓度年平均值达到国家空气质量二级标准。总体上上海市的大气质量要好于北京市。两地大气主要污染物随时间的变化规律与两地的污染物来源、地理、气候等条件有关。

To investigate the variation of air pollution and the relationship of the variation and its influence factors in Beijing and Shanghai,the atmospheric pollution characteristics and variety pattern of primary atmospheric pollutant in Beijing and Shanghai in 2004 and 2005 were analyzed according to the monitoring data of ambient air quality.The results showed that the maximum concentration of PM10 was 63.7 times greater than the minimum in Beijing in 2004 and 2005;the variation range of PM10 concentration in Beijing was larger than that in Shanghai.The maximum concentration of SO2 was 46.7 times greater than the minimum value in Beijing in 2004 and 2005,the maximum concentration of SO2 was 13.1 times greater than the minimum in Shanghai with the variation range smaller than that in Beijing.The concentrations of NO2 were relatively large and had not obvious season variations.The annual daily mean concentration of NO2 in Beijing and Shanghai met the second level of the national ambient air quality standard（NAAQS）.The annual daily mean concentration of SO2 in Beijing in 2004～2005 and Shanghai in 2004 met the second level,whereas that in Shanghai in 2005 slightly exceeded the second level.The serious SO2 pollution in Shanghai related with the combustion of plentiful coal;the smart variation of SO2 concentration in a year in Beijing was related with the combustion of coal for heating in winter.The pollution of inhalable particulate matter（PM10）in the two cities was serious.The annual daily mean concentration of PM10 in Beijing in 2004,2005 exceeded the second standard level of NAAQS,and that in Shanghai met the second level of NAAQS at the same periods.On the whole,the ambient air quality of Shanghai was better than that of Beijing.The temporal variation pattern of top pollutants in Beijing and Shanghai were related with various factors such as pollutant sources,geography,climate,etc.