对辐射防护中两个重要应用问题的最新修订——ICRP第101号出版物简介

REVISION FOR TWO IMPORTANT BUILDING BLOCKS OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM——BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ICRP PUBLICATION No.101

随着辐射防护体系的不断演变,它的组成部分及其应用也在作出相应演变。本文简要介绍了国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)最近出版的第101号出版物的主要内容。它把辐射防护中两个重要的应用问题合在一起叙述,第一部分是关于公众中代表性个人的剂量评价。众所周知,公众剂量有时不能直接测定,有时根本无法测定。为了保护公众,为了确认相关剂量约束值是否得到满足,就必须对评价用的假想中个人或实际的个人(过去称为"关键组",现定义为"代表性个人")的特征作出描述。特别是由于近年来除了确定论方法以外,概率论的评价方法得到较大的发展,由此得出的剂量不再是单值估计,而是一个剂量分布。这就给约束值的符合认证带来了新的问题。为此,该报告明确地把代表性个人定义为这样一个人,从相关人群中随机抽取的一个人员的个人剂量比他大的概率应小于5%。他们的特征应具有合理性、持续性和均匀性。评价中的剂量系数可以采用婴儿、儿童和成人三个年龄组。出版物的第二部分内容主要是对最优化过程的扩展提供指导。强调该报告所论述辐射防护最优化概念只是对过去概念的完善和演变,不是根本性变革。过去关于实施最优化过程的建议仍然有效,但是实施的方式应更加广宽,以使得个人平等、安全文化、利益相关者参与这些方面会起到更大的作用。本出版物的问世无疑会对上述两个辐射防护中重要问题的实际应用产生较大的影响。

With the evolution of system of radiological protection, its building blocks and their applications are also getting progress. ICRP has merged two important parts into a single issue： ICRP Publication No. 101. The first part is the report on assessing doses to representative person. This report updates the previous guidance for estimating dose to public. Doses to the public cannot be measured directly and, in some cases, it cannot be measured at all. Therefore, for the purpose of protection of the public, it is necessaryto characterize an individual, either hypothetical or specific, whose dose can be used for determining compliance with the relevant dose constraint. The second part is the report on broadening the process of optimization, which focuses on a specific step in the process and discusses the most crucial part of that process. This is a consolidation and an evolution of the ICRP＇s optimization principle, but not a fundamental change. However, the way that is to be implemented should be now more broadly to reflect the increasing role of individual equity, safety culture, and stakeholder involvement.