国家刑事赔偿制度改革若干问题探讨

Some Issues in the Reform of China's Criminal Compensation System

国家刑事赔偿制度是一项重要的人权保障制度。《中华人民共和国国家赔偿法》实施十多年来暴露出许多问题,亟待立法修改加以解决。在归责原则上,应创立以结果责任原则为主、违法责任原则为辅的原则框架。在赔偿范围上,应适当扩大,将超期羁押、错误取保候审和监视居住、轻罪重判案件等增加纳入赔偿范围,并确立精神损害赔偿制度。在赔偿程序上,将赔偿义务机关与侵权行为机关分离,由特定的赔偿义务机关支付赔偿金;简化确认程序并与协商相结合,取消复议程序,引入听证程序,增加申诉程序。

The state criminal compensation system is of great significance for human rights protection. The Law of the People's Republic of China on State Compensation has, since its promulgation more than a decade ago, laid bare various problems that need to be addressed immediately through legislative amendments. More specifically, a framework of imputation should be established with the principle of consequence liability as the main determinant supplemented by the principle of illegality liability. The scope of compensation should be appropriately widened, to cover cases related to an excessive period of custody, mistaken determination on bail pending trial, residential surveillance, heavy sentences for light crimes, etc.; compensation for mental suffering also deserves a place in the compensation system. As far as the compensatory procedures are concerned, organs responsible for compensation ought to be distinguished from those that committed the violations, with a designated compensation body making the compensation payments; confirmation procedures need to be simplified and complemented with consultation; and procedures for reconsideration of decisions should be abolished and hearing and appeal systems introduced.