论汉代政治参与机制

Political Participation Mechanism in the Han Dynasty

汉代民众有较强的政治参与意识,国家通过立法的形式疏通并拓宽政治参与渠道,参与形式多种多样,主要有言论和活动两种形式,根据不同的政治参与主体、内容和作用具体表现为七种形式:奏章是各级官吏向皇帝表达政治见解的书面材料;召对是文人士子向帝王提出治国之道的口头语言材料;集议是百官集体讨论军政大事为皇帝提供决策方案;诣阙上诉是民众赴京向统治者表达政治见解的行动;谣谚是以百姓为主体表达政治见解的言论;清议是以知识分子为主体表达政治见解的形式;著书立说是文人士子创造文化精品的政治参与形式。汉代建立健全了文书传递制度、决策制度、文官管理制度、监察和司法制度、审计制度等政治参与保障制度,用功名利禄有效地吸引和疏导民众积极参与政治,形成了良好的政治参与机制。

The people in the Han Dynasty had a strong consciousness of political participation, and the government removed and broadened the channels of political participation by the means of making laws. Among many kinds of participation, speech and activity were two main means. According to the different participating subjects, content, and function, it can be classified into the following 7 types. One, memorial was the written material expresssing political opinions from officials at different levels to the emperor. Two, summon was the spoken material proposing how to govern the country from the intelligentsia to the emperor. Three, assembly was the policy plan on the important political and military issues proposed to the emperor after being discussed collectively by the officials. Four, appeal was the activity expressing political opinion to the emperor by the means of the common people＇s visiting of the capital. Five, folksongs were the speech expressing political opinion while the common people taking its central part. Six, political criticism was the means for the intelligentsia to express political opinion, Seven, writing was the political participating means for the scholars to create literary classic. Establishing and improving such system of political participation and guarantee as the system of delivering official dispatches, dicision-making system, civil official management system, supervising and justice system, and audit system, the Han Dynasty attracted and directed effectively the subjects to participate the political affairs by the means of position and wealth, as a result of which the perfect mechanism of political participation was come into being.