唯频率标准的不自足性——论面向汉语国际教育的词汇大纲设计标准

Self-insufficiency of the frequency-only criterion——on the criteria for designing a graded vocabulary for international education of the Chinese language

要制定出一套行之有效的词汇大纲，必先有科学、正确的设计标准。无论理论上还是实践上，将频率作为设计词汇大纲的标准已经成为人们的共识。本文结合《大纲》缺陷，从五个不同方面证明唯频率标准的不自足性，认为在唯频率标准下不可能科学地制定出符合第二语言教学实际的词汇大纲，词汇大纲的设计原则应以词频为基础原则，以词类差异性、心理便捷性、内容现实性、任务针对性、高能优先为干预原则，做到语用、语义和句法三种标准的结合，词频只是其中最重要的语用标准，它跟各种非频率标准一起，构成一个有序的操作流程。

A scientific designing criterion is the prerequisite for the preparation of an effective graded vocabulary. It is widely agreed theoretically or practically, that word frequency is the criterion to develop such a vocabulary. Having the inadequacies of The Graded Vocabulary for HSK in mind, the author attempts to prove that the frequency-only criterion is self-insufficient in five aspects and opines that the graded vocabulary developed according to the mentioned standard can not be a successful one that is in conformity of the reality of the teaching of Chinese as a second language. The principles for preparing a graded vocabulary are outlined as follows: 1) word frequency is the basic principle; 2) word class, psychological convenience, realistic contents, task-orientation and priority to the most active items are the interfering principles. In other words, criteria should be set up in terms of pragmatics, semantics and syntax. The word frequency criterion, which is an important pragmatic criterion, should be combined with the non-frequency based criteria to form an operational procedure for developing a graded vocabulary.