流域生态补偿:政府补偿与市场补偿比较与选择

Valley Ecological Compensation:the Comparison and Selection between the Government Compensation and the Market Compensation

流域生态补偿是利用经济手段对流域生态外部性的矫正,常用的有以政府为主体的政府补偿和以市场为主体的市场补偿两种形式。其中政府补偿主要采用财政转移支付、政策补偿、生态补偿基金等方式,具有强制性、间接性等特点,存在资金来源单一、环境资源定价低以及权责利脱节等弊端。政府补偿交易成本低,但制度运行成本高。市场补偿是流域生态服务受益者对保护者的直接补偿,主要采用产权交易市场、一对一交易、生态标记等方式,具有直接性、激励性等特点,存在补偿难度大、短期行为严重等缺陷。市场补偿交易成本高,但制度运行成本低。一般而言,规模较大、补偿主体分散、产权界定模糊的流域适宜于政府补偿,规模较小、补偿主体集中、产权界定清晰的流域适宜于市场补偿。

The valley ecological compensation to take economic means to correct externality of the watershed ecology usually exits in the following two ways:the government compensation by the government as the main body and market compensation by the market as the main body.Government compensation mainly takes the following measures such as the financial transfer payment,compensation policies and ecological compensation fund.It possesses characteristics of mandatory,indirect,a single source of funding,low pricing the environmental resources,disjointing in power responsibilities and benefits and so on.The transaction cost of government compensation is low,but the running cost of system is high.Market compensation is such direct compensation that people who profit by watershed ecological pay to people who protect the watershed ecology.It mainly takes the following measures,such as the rights transactions of market,one-to-one transactions,and eco-labeling.It has characteristics of direct,incentive and so on.It also exist many defects such as difficult compensation,serious short-term behavior.The transaction cost of market compensation is high,but the operating cost of system is low.Generally,the watershed with characteristics of larger scope,dispersed main compensation,vague define for watershed property rights suits government compensation.Watershed with small scope,concentrated main compensation,clearly defined property rights for watershed suits market compensation.