丘陵沟壑区苹果树滴灌试验及节灌制度研究

Drip Irrigation Test for Apple Trees in Hilly and Gully Region and Study on the Water-saving Irrigation System

[目的]研究丘陵沟壑区苹果园的节灌制度。[方法]采用测坑试验和大田试验,对苹果树进行覆膜、覆草和清耕处理,确定西北黄土高原区苹果树的耗水规律、灌水定额、灌水次数、最佳灌水关键期及灌水部位、毛管布设方式。[结果]覆草处理的耗水量和耗水强度最小,苹果产量最高,水分生产率最高。3种处理的年耗水量433.5-478.5 mm,在降水保证率50%的平水年,盛果期清耕处理滴灌4次为宜,最佳灌水期为萌芽前、新梢旺长前、果实迅速膨大期和封冻前,全年灌溉定额1 030 m3/hm^2,覆草和覆膜处理的灌溉定额比清耕处理少5%-10%。每个滴头滴水量30 L为次最佳灌水量。毛管布设以果树主干为中心,成“S”形。[结论]该研究建立了丘陵沟壑区苹果园滴灌条件下的节灌制度。

[Objective] The aim of the research was to study the water-saving irrigation system in apple orchard of hilly and gully region.[Method] In test-pit experiment and field experiment,apple trees were treated with mulching film,mulching grass and clean tillage to confirm the water consumption law,irrigation norm,irrigation times,the optimum key irrigation period and the optimum parts of the plants to be irrigated and the layout mode of sub pipes.[Result] In the treatment of mulching grass,water consumption amount and water consumption intensity were least,the yield of apples was highest and water productivity was highest.The annual water consumption amount in 3 treatments were 433.5～478.5 mm.In normal precipitation year with rainfall insurance rate of 50%,drip irrigation for 4 times in full fruit period was suitable.The optimum irrigation period was the time before germination,before the vigorous growth of new shoots,in fruit rapid enlargement stage and before freeze-up.The annual irrigation norm was 1 030 m3/hm^2.The irrigation norm in the treatments of mulching grass and film were lower 5%～10% than that in the treatment of clean tillage.The optimum water irrigation amount was 30 L water irrigation amount of each emitter.The layout of sub pipes should take the trunk of fruit trees as the center and showed the shape of ＂S＂.[Conclusion] The research established a watersaving irrigation system in apple orchard of hilly and gully region under the conditions of drip irrigation.