湖北省油菜田杂草种类组成及群落特征

Species composition and characterization of weed community in oilseed rape fields in Hubei Province

采用倒置"W"取样法对湖北省油菜田的杂草组成及群落结构进行了调查。结果表明,湖北省油菜田杂草有135种(含变种),隶属于26科、74属,其中优势杂草有看麦娘、波斯婆婆纳、棒头草、牛繁缕、菵草、猪殃殃、早熟禾、日本看麦娘等8种,区域性优势杂草有13种,常见杂草有26种,一般杂草有88种。发生优势度较大的杂草为波斯婆婆纳、看麦娘、棒头草、牛繁缕、菵草、猪殃殃和野燕麦等,是构成各地区田间杂草群落的优势种。水旱轮作油菜田主要形成看麦娘+菵草+棒头草+牛繁缕为主的杂草群落,旱旱连作田形成波斯婆婆纳+野燕麦+猪殃殃+通泉草为主的杂草群落。江汉平原地区油菜田杂草群落的物种丰富度、多样性较其它地区高,而优势度及均匀度指数较低。从群落相似性来看,武鄂黄地区与水旱轮作田杂草群落结构最为相似。作物种类、耕作制度及土壤环境条件的不同,可能是导致油菜田杂草发生及群落组成产生差异的原因。

Weed survey was conducted by sampling methods of inverted W-pattern to determine the species composition and structure of weed communities in oilseed rape fields in Hubei Province. 135 weed species （including varieties） were found and they belong to 26 families and 74 genera. Among them, 8 species were considered as dominant weeds, including Alopecurus aequalis, Veronica persica, Polypogon fugax, Malachium aquaticum, Beckmannia syzigachne, Galium aparine var. tenerum, Poa annua, Alopecurus japonicus; 13 species were regional dominant weeds; 26 common weed species and 88 normal weed species. The overall abundance of Veronica persica, Alopecurus aequalis, Polypogon fugax, Malachium aquaticum, Beckmannia syzigachne, Galium aparine var. tenerum, and Avena fatua were relatively higher. They were the major weeds in all oilseed rape regions in Hubei province. The most common weeds were Alopecurus aequalis＋Beckmannia syzigachne＋Polypogon fugax＋Malachium aquaticum in rice-wheat rotation fields, and Veronica persica＋Avena fatua＋Galium aparine var. tenerum＋Mazus japonicus in continuous drycrop fields. The variety and diversity of weeds in oilseed rape fields in Jianghan Plain region were greater than other regions, but the Simpson＇s index and evenness index were relatively lower. Based on the Sorensen＇s similarity index, the weed variety in Wuehuang region was similar to that of rice-wheat rotation fields. The difference of weed occurrence and their combination might be resulted from the crop type, adopted cultivation system and original soil condition.