马克思论农业是国民经济的基础及其面临的市场风险

Marx on Agriculture as the Foundation of the National Economy and Its Market Risk Faced

超过劳动者个人需要的农业劳动生产率,是一切社会的基础。农业劳动在很大程度上具有社会必要劳动的性质。如果农业不是提供人类生存所必需的食物产品的唯一生产部门,农业就不可能成为国民经济的基础。马克思之所以把植物性食物生产和动物性食物生产统称为"广义的农业",而把植物性食物生产称为"真正的农业",是因为在农业生产中,植物是第一性生产,动物是第二性生产。与非农业部门相比,农业的物质生产率高,价值生产率低,在市场竞争中处于弱质产业地位,需要政府给予特殊扶持和保护。

Agricultural production exceeds the labor's own need is the foundation of all societies. Agricultural labor has the characteristic of socially necessary labor. If agriculture is not the sole sector that provides food which is vital for the human's existence, it can't be the foundation of the national economy. Marx put plantation and livestock raising in the scope of 'broad agriculture', regard plantation as 'true agriculture', because livestock raising is secondary after plantation. Agricultural production has a high rate of material output but low rate of value production, thus agriculture is a disadvantaged sector in market competition, which requires special support and protection from the government.