华北平原水氮优化条件下不同种植制度的水分效应研究

Water Consumption,Soil Water Content Variation and Water Utilization Efficiency of Different Cropping System in China

以华北平原冬小麦夏玉米一年两熟制、冬小麦夏玉米春玉米两年三熟制和春玉米一年一熟制轮作体系为对象,研究了不同种植制度下作物的产量、根层土壤水分动态变化和水分利用效率。结果表明,不同种植制度对产量、耗水和水分利用方面影响显著。一年两熟制下作物的产量、耗水量和水分利用效率均显著高于两年三熟制和一年两熟制,但是降雨量仅能满足总耗水量的72.9%,仍需较多地下水补充灌溉。两年三熟制降雨量能够满足作物耗水量80.4%,产量、耗水量和水分利用效率较一年两熟制分别减少23.1%,12.0%和15.8%。一年一熟制降雨量能够满足作物耗水量的89.2%,产量、耗水量和水分利用效率较一年两熟制分别减少45.2%,27.3%和30.7%。一年两熟制和两年三熟制的各层土壤水分在两年内呈现波浪型变化趋势,一年一熟制各层变化趋势较为平缓。两年三熟制和一年两熟制有利于提高土壤蓄水量,减少灌溉量,进而减少对地下水资源的抽取。两年三熟制降雨量能够较好地满足作物耗水量,产量和水分利用效率介于其它两种种植制度之间,与其它两种种植制度相比;能够兼顾水资源的可持续利用和粮食安全。春玉米高产的适宜栽培措施有待于进一步研究。

Studied yield, soil water content changing in root layer and water use efficiency of different cropping systems that was winter wheat-summer maize two harvests in one year, winter wheat-summer maize-spring maize three harvests in two years and spring maize one harvest in one year. Results indicated that there were significant effects of different cropping systems on yield, water consumption and water use. The yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of two harvests in one year was higher than another two cropping systems, however, it need more groundwater to irrigation because the precipitation only met 72.9% of water consumption. Three harvests in two years met 80.4% of water consumption, meanwhile the yield, water consumption and water use efficiency decreased 23.1%, 12.0% and 15.8% compared to two harvests in one year. One harvest in one year met 89. 2% of water consumption, meanwhile the yield, water consumption and water use efficiency decreased 45.2% ,27.3% and 30.7% compared to two harvests in one year. Soil water content in 2 meters of two harvests in one year and three harvests in two years changed waving and one harvest in one year changed gently during two years. Compared another two cropping systems, three harvests in two years gave attention to sustainability of water resource and food safety due to higher rate of precipitation occupied water consumption in growing stage while the yield and water use efficiency intervenient another two cropping systems. Appropriate cultivating management of high yield need be studied further.