莱州湾南岸滨海湿地维管束植物的区系特征及保护

Flora characteristics of vascular plants of coastal wetlands of southern Laizhou Bay and its protection

在2003～2005年多次实地调查并参照相关资料基础上，对莱州湾南岸滨海湿地进行了植被类型划分和湿地维管束植物生态类群划分，利用统计方法分析了研究区湿地维管束植物区系较大科、属的构成，蕨类植物种的地理分布区类型、种子植物属的地理分布区类型，维管束植物区系保护面临的问题及对策。研究表明，莱州湾南岸滨海湿地植被分4个植被型、25个植物群落，由48科129属197种维管束植物构成，这些维管束植物分盐生植物，水生植物，湿生植物和中生、旱生植物4大生态类群。维管束植物区系的主体为菊科、禾本科、莎草科等含5种及5种以上的13个较大科，从维管束植物属的分布区类型构成来看，种子植物中世界分布属最多，达40属，占种子植物总属数的32％，这反映了湿地植被的隐域性特征；温带和热带分布区成分作为区系成分的主体共80属，占种子植物总属数的64％。盐田、养殖池、道路建设，海岸侵蚀，地下咸、卤水人侵，气候干旱，河流断流等自然、人为原因导致莱州湾南岸滨海湿地退化，植被发生退化演替，区系中一些珍稀濒危植物受到日益严重的威胁。提出了对退化湿地进行生态恢复与重建，推广生态旅游、生态养殖等可持续的滨海湿地利用方式，建设湿地自然保护区和生态环境监测网络等莱州湾南岸滨海湿地维管束植物区系保护对策。

Based on many field investigations from 2003 to 2005 and some related data, the authors classify the vegetations and the vascular plants of coastal wetlands of southern Laizhou Bay. analyze the relative great genera and families composition of the vascular plant flora, areal-types of species of fern plants and areal-types of genera of seed plants by statistical method, and put forward the problems and countermeasures of the flora protection. The authors divide the vegetations of coastal wetlands of southern Laizhou Bay into 4 vegetation types and 25 plant communities, and divide the vascular plants of coastal wetlands of southern Laizhou Bay into 4 cco-adapted groups, such as halophtes, hydrophtes, amphiphytes and mcsophyte as well as zerophyte. The vegetations are formed by 197 species of vascular plants which belongs to 48 families and 129 genera, among which 13 big families with 5 or more than 5 species, such as Compositae, Gramineae and Cyperaceae, are the most important vascular plants. The genera of seed plants have 12 areal-types, and 40 genera that occupy 32% of total genera belong to cosmopolitan-areal type, which shows the wetland vegetations have universal character in geographical distribution. The other 80 genera belong to temperate-areal type and tropic-areal type that occupy 64% of total genera are the other dominating genera. Due to the natural or artificial causes such as construction of saltern, fishery ponds and roads, coastal erosion, sea（salt）-water intrusion, drought, decrease of fiver flows, the coastal wetlands, especially their vegetations, of the southern Laizhou Bay have degraded obviously, some scarce plants are seriously endangered. On thinking of the degradation of the coastal wetlands of the Laizhou Bay, the authors put forward some primary countermeasures to protect the vascular plants, such as the rehabilitation and restoration of the degraded coastal wetlands, popularizing the wise-used wetland fashions of ecotourism and ecological cultivation, constructing nature reserve and ecological environment monitoring network, etc.