明清时期汉水下游地区的地理环境与堤防管理制度

The Geographical Environment and Managerial System of the Dykes at the Middle-lower Reaches of Han River during Ming-Ch'ing Period

明清时期国家对于汉水下游的水利管理制度经历一个变迁的过程,与这一区域的水利问题的日益突出密切相关,垸田的发展以及带来的问题是主要的因素。钟祥至沙洋的汉江干堤极易溃决,并且关系到整个下游地区的安全,因此在人力组织、资金筹集、岁修维护上,国家的政策表现出明显的倾斜性,相对于沙洋以下的区域,给予了充分的重视。沙洋以下,天门、潜江、沔阳等州县所在区域主要以垸田为主,国家将这一区域的堤防修筑与维护主要交由地方来进行。垸堤岁修维护采取堤甲制的组织形式,由垸民完成,一方面没有固定的资金,另一方面在正常年景之下,垸民可以获得基本的物质生存,因此垸堤的维护面临相当的困难。

During Ming-Ching period, the managerial system of the dykes at the Middle-lower Reaches of Han River experienced a change, and there was an evident spacediscrepancy on both the personnel assignment administration and the means of accumulating funds in the profession of building and protecting to the main dykes at the middle-lower reaches of Han-River. Both Ming and Ch ~ing government attached much more importance to the dykes which would affect the overall situation, such as Xiangyang Old-dragon Dyke, Shayang Dyke, the main dykes lay in Zhongxiang county and Jingshan county, while comparably ignored the dykes that playing second hand fiddle in eyes of government, both in organization and capital arrangement.