18世纪中期以来新疆奇台人工绿洲开发下的人地关系研究

Researching on Relationship of Human-Land about Qitai Human Oasis Exploited in Xinjiang from the Middle of the 18th

本文通过历史文献和野外调查方法分析了18世纪中期以来奇台人工绿洲的开发活动及其与环境之间的关系。奇台县人工绿洲开发活动始终以农业为主,所以,本文研究人工绿洲发展以耕地变化为主。18世纪耕地呈点状形态沿北部泉水和南部河流分布;19—20世纪40年代末形成两片灌区,即南部河水灌区和北部泉水灌区;以后耕地扩张,在平原区广泛分布,南部仍是河水灌区,中部和北部则发展成纯井灌区。人工绿洲开发过程中的人地关系发展经历了三个阶段:第一阶段,18—20世纪40年代末,人工绿洲发展与环境相对协调时期,"以水定地",人工绿洲发展与环境之间相对协调;第二阶段,20世纪50—70年代,绿洲人地关系发展失衡时期,表现为耕地迅速扩张,灌溉水源不足,水土利用矛盾突出,经营粗放;第三阶段,20世纪80年代以来,人地之间脆弱平衡形成时期,绿洲内外环境的脆弱性都增强。研究认为可持续的水土资源管理、水资源利用技术和富有弹性的生态系统重构技术是奇台绿洲人地关系协调发展的基本途径。

This paper analysis relationship between human oasis and environment through historical document and field works. The analysis was based on cultivated area because agriculture was always the main economical activity in Qitai. Researches showed that cultivated area were spots located along both spring water of north plain and rivers of south plain during 18th, and were two stretches from 19th to the end of 1940s, one located in the north plain relying on spring water and the other located in south of plain relying on rivers. After that time, the cultivated areas enlarged thoroughly and became connecting with each other. With the exploiting progress, the development of human-oasis in Qitai and its relationship with environment had gone through three phases; the first was harmonic stage during 18th to the end of 1940s, human oasis developed according to water resources. The second is no harmonic stage from 1950＇s to the end of 1970＇s, that was cultivated area enlarged rapidly and water resources exploited backward, as a result, land output was lower, and environment was de- stroyed heavily. After 1970＇s was the third stage, the new fragile balance between human oasis and its environment was established with the ground water utilization. Then the paper suggested that the sustainable development of human oasis and its environment were based on the sustainable policies of water-land resources using and technology progress.