海洋溢油污染对生物群落和种群的影响及生态系统的恢复

EFFECTS OF OIL SPILL POLLUTION ON BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY AND POPULATION AND ECOSYSTEM RECOVERY

海洋溢油污染带来的最严重的威胁在于它能够改变或破坏海洋环境中正常存在的生态系统。溢油污染对生态系统的初步影响是造成生物物种多样性、丰度、均匀度下降,进一步则是敏感物种消退,另一些机会物种大量繁殖,群落结构受到扰动。受到溢油污染后的生物群落的变化和恢复过程通常呈现的是多种因素共同作用的结果。溢油作为一种外来的扰动因素,对生态系统的发展强行加注了一种相对统一的发展模式,生态系统会经历一些优势种之间强烈的相互作用,种群数量出现大幅度的波动,系统变得敏感脆弱,生态恢复需要一定的时间。本文对国内外几十年来的研究成果进行综述,总结今后应大力开展海洋石油污染调查研究工作的各个方面。

The worst menace of marine oil pollution brought the change or spoil to ecosystem. Initially, a decrease in diversity, abundance and evenness of species is usually observed. Furthermore, an immediate disappearance of a community of sensitive species followed by initial colonization of a community of pollution-tolerant opportunistic species. The degree and duration of damage from oil spills generally take on the results from many factors affected integrative and interactively. As an environmental perturbation, oii spill pollution impulsively imposed a relative uniform development model on the impacted ecosystem, with the estab- lishment and reconstruction of communities following a disturbance largely determined by recruitment and settlement events. In this paper the studies during the past decades are reviewed and the needs for long--term and broad scale research to understand the influences of marine oil pollution on community and population are emphasized.