跨国公司研发全球化的空间等级体系研究--基于因子分析的结果

A Research on Space Grading System of R&D Globalization by Multinational Corporations:the Result from Factor Analysis

在公司区位选择研究的基础上探索跨国公司研发全球化的空间等级体系,是地理学对跨国公司研发全球化研究的有益尝试。跨国公司研发全球化是多种因素协同互动的结果,为了相对科学直观地构建跨国公司全球研发空间等级体系,本文运用因子分析方法对84个样本进行研究表明,跨国公司全球研发网络是多种因素协同互动的结果,综合实力、研发环境、市场规模是其中最重要的区位因子。根据因子分析的综合得分,将跨国公司研发全球化的空间等级分为五个层次,即核心区域、高密区域、中密区域、低密区域和弱势区域,发达国家明显占据全球研发空间体系的主导地位,掌控着科技发展前沿和关键核心技术,但个别发展中国家和地区也已进入较高层次。根据各主因子的得分情况,按照在全球位势强弱和要素空间流向的不同,把全球国家(地区)分为全面发展型、环境优势型和市场潜力型三种类型。其中,中国位列跨国公司研发全球化的高密区域,但仍属市场潜力型国家,处于接受扩散的境地,基础研究和创新能力薄弱以及内外向流动的不均衡,阻碍了跨国公司全球研发空间体系节点区域的创建。

R＆D activities of Multinational Corporations are spreading in the world emerging on the spatial level, the same as the activities of manufacture and distribution. and are On the basis of the research on location of MNCs, space grading system of R＆D globalization by MNCs is the important research direction of geography. 84 countries or districts are chosen to analyze by SPSS statistical software. According to the result, influence factors of MNCs＇ R＆D globalization can be reduced into three main issues which are the whole strength of a country or district, R＆D environment and market size, and global space grading system of MNCs＇ R＆D activities can be identified for five levels： nucleus, high density, middle density, lower density and lowest, which describes well the distribution in geography and the perspective of the MNCs＇ R＆D globalization. In such a space grading system of R＆D globalization by MNCs, developed countries such as USA, German, Japan an so on, are the dominant countries, leading the world science and controlling the core technology, but some developing countries or districts such as China, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, India have came into the higher level. Otherwise those countries or districts whose general score is more than 0 are classified as three area types, namely, all-round development, environment advantage and market potential. All-round development countries almost keep the balance of centralization and diffusion and most of R＆D activities in those countries are about basic research and key technology; environment advantage countries or districts hold advanced technology or industry, flawless infrastructure and abundant human resources, but the size of market is limited, and spatial strengths are complex; market potential countries are short of ability to innovate, R＆D activities focus on supporting production localization and adjusting technical matters, and centralization is more than diffusion in those countries. By contrast with the other countries or districts, China has already belonged to high density R＆D country in the global space grading system of MNCs＇ R＆D activities, but still is a market orient country in a diffusive accepting position, for lacking of basic research and innovation, unbalance of inflow and outflow prevent the build of the MNCs＇ global R＆D space system node.