自然保护中的产权变动与当地居民福利补偿——基于产权理论的应用分析及实证检验

An Applied Analysis of Natural Conservation and Resident Welfare based on Ownership Theory:A Case Study in Natural Reserve of Crested Ibis in Shaanxi

许多研究认为,自然保护区的建立会导致或加剧当地居民的贫困,本文的分析表明情况未必皆如此。由于经济价值和非经济价值构成自然资源的潜在总价值,自然资源的各种属性紧密地交织在一起,对资源不同属性的利用存在一个权衡问题,自然保护属于偏向于非经济价值的一种权衡手段。为了实现自然资源价值增值的最大化,自然保护重新界定了国家与当地居民对于地方上国有及集体自然资源的产权关系,既限制了国有资源的经济属性的利用,也限制了当地居民的集体资源的部分属性的利用以及他们对国有自然资源部分经济属性的攫取,从而导致对他们经济福利的损害。然而这种福利损失相对份额很小,而且为了弥补该损失地方政府和保护机构往往采取各类扶持措施以增进其福利,从而有效地降低了自然保护的交易成本。自然保护在逻辑上不能必然地引导当地居民脱贫致富,因此必须超越自然保护层面制定经济发展战略。对国家一级野生保护动物———朱的保护区内的农户调查数据证实了上述推断。

The impacts of natural conservation on local residents＇ welfare are discussed in this paper. Various studies argue that establishment of natural reserves results in or aggravates the poverty of local residents. This might not be the case as is shown in the analysis of this paper. The aggregate value of natural resources is composed of both economic value and non-economic value. Since the various attributes of natural resources are tightly interweaved together, realization of one type of value would always impede the realization of another type of value, thus resulting in necessary trade-off between utilization of different attributes of natural resources. Natural conservation is one form of trade-off that is inclined to realizing non-economic value of natural resources. In order to maximize the benefits of natural resources, natural conservation redefines the ownership relations of natural resources between the state and local residents. Whereas, not only the utilization of the economic attributes of state-owned natural resources may be restricted, but also the utilization of some economic attributes of collective-owned natural resources and the capture of part of economic attributes of natural resources by local residents may be restricted too, which may result in damage to their economic welfare. The loss of resident welfare resulting from natural conservation is small-proportioned. Local governments and conservation organizations have taken various supportive measures to compensate the welfare loss of local residents, which have effectively reduced the cost of natural conservation. The mechanism of natural conservation can ensure that the economic welfare of local residents would not be lower than before, which logically cannot necessarily induce poverty reduction for local people. Thus, the economic development strategies beyond natural conservation are necessary. A field survey was conducted in the Natural Reserve of Crested Ibis in Shaanxi of China, in order to find out how natural conservation has affected the life and agricultural production of local people. The survey showed that most of local residents acknowledged the benefits from Natural Reserve of Crested Ibis. There is no evidence that local villagers take actions harmful to Crested Ibis and their relationship is harmonious.