社会功能和空间的动态关系与徽州传统村落的形态演变

The Spatial-functional Dynamism and Settlement Morphology of Huizhou's Traditional Villages

本文质疑了把我国传统村落的形态看作是社会和空间之间的结构简单对应的通常观点。通过应用空间句法(Space Syntax)的理论和分析方法,本文对比研究了一组徽州村落在空间组织方面的异同及其与宗族的社会形态和经济结构之间的关联。社会和空间的动态关系显示了宗法制度和其他多种社会力量在村落发展演变中的交织作用。在这种动态关系的作用之下,祠堂和店铺等公共建筑趋向于在村落的特定地段分布和聚集;村落呈现与其社会功能相适应的形态结构,并通过祠堂在空间组构关系上的等级来微妙地体现宗族社会的血缘秩序和社会关系。

This paper challenges the commonly accepted correspondence model of village space structure in China, a simple view that sees settlement layouts of traditional vernacular villages were ordered according to the social hierarchy of lineage organization. By adopting space syntax theories and methods, the study compares the morphological patterns of a group of vernacular villages in Huizhou. The major objective is to retrieve configurational regularities among these villages in relation to the traditional ideological influences and other social and economic forces. The analysis reveals that village layout configuration was driven by the spatial and social interrelations in which the patterning of village integration structures tended to absorb discrete local patterns created by lineage segmentation. This resulted in a phenomenon that public spaces like ancestral halls and shops attempted to concentrate on the most accessible as well as certain strategically vantage locations during village growth and evolution. The morphological structure of a village in turn seemed to sustain its social and functional requirements, and subtly reflected the consanguine as well as social hierarchy of ancestral halls through their different degrees of integration.