重构建筑学与国家的关系：中国建筑现代转型问题再思

Reconstructing the Relationship Between the State and the Discipline of Architecture:New Reflections on Questions of the Modern Transformation of Chinese Architecture

在中国,无论是古代还是现代,国家与建筑活动都有着密切的联系。但是这一关联的现代转变及其影响至今在中国建筑史研究中还鲜有讨论。本文考察19世纪中叶以来,在中国现代化过程中国家性质的变化对中国现代建筑专业的影响。文章论证,在近代中国,伴随着外来势力和文化在中国影响的扩大,多元的公民社会出现并成为建筑商品化和多元化建筑价值取向的基础。在这个过程中建筑的话语权的把持者,即建筑职业标准和审美评判的主体也发生了变化,建筑师职业在中国社会分工中的独立。传统国家与建筑业的主宰与被主宰关系被以租界为代表的管理与被管理关系取代,建筑形式从传统等级社会的制约下获得了发展的自由。20世纪20年代之后新的民族国家的建立不仅延续了外国租界对于建筑活动的法制化管理方式,还出于国家认同和改造国民的需要,推动了建筑中关于民族风格的探索以及对于政府行政建筑、纪念物和国民教育空间等特殊类型建筑的建造。国家与建筑学形成一种利用与被利用的关系。20世纪50年代以后,限于当时的建设条件,国家与建筑再次经历了主宰与被主宰的关系,改革开放所带来的经济和社会多元化格局为中国建筑业的繁荣提供了新的条件,国家正在重建与建筑之间管理与被管理、利用与被利用的关系。

Regardless of whether it was in traditional China or in modern China, architectural activities were closely related to the state. However, the changing relationship between the traditional and the modern has yet to be studied in modern Chinese architectural history. This paper studies a change in the influence of the nature of government on the modern discipline of architecture in China. It argues that with the increase of foreign power and culture in China after the Opium War of 1840, China transformed toward a civic society, which facilitated the commercialization of architectural production and the formation of a multi-valued architectural aesthetics. As a result, the beholder of the architectural discourse, or the subject of the professional standards and the aesthetic criteria, was separated from the state, thereby enabling the relative independence of the architectural profession in the Chinese division of labor. In the foreign-controlled settlements, governments regulated architectural activities rather than dominating them as the imperial state did, therefore architectural forms acquired the freedom of development without the curb of the hierarchical control of the past. Since the 1920s, the Nationalist Government has continued to regulate architectural activities through various legislations. It also promoted the search of a Chinese style of architecture and fostered the design and construction of monuments, museums and national educational facilities in pursuit of national identity and the task of reforming the people. A relationship formed between the appropriator and the appropriated. After the 1950s, because of the need of controlling the reconstruction resources, Chinese government once again dominated architectural activities. The economic reformed since the late 1970s has changed Chinese society into a multi-valued one, paving the ground for the rapid development of Chinese architecture. The Chinese state is rebuilding its relationship of both regulation and appropriation with the discipline of architecture through legislation and awards.