基于遥感与GIS技术的铁路建设环境影响评价方法探讨

Study of How to Assess the Impact of Railway Construction on Environment Based on RS and GIS

酒泉钢铁公司嘉(峪关)-策(克)专线铁路建设区域处于极度干旱、生态环境极其脆弱的中国西北内陆干旱区,地表植被稀少,降水少但蒸发量强,大风沙尘暴天气频繁,整个生态系统受到人为扰动后,将产生显著的变化.在遥感与GIS技术的支持下,使用基于GIS的图形叠置法、层次分析法、景观生态学法和指数法等评价方法,从地貌、植被、土壤和风力等主要生态因子入手,对铁路建设环境影响评价中受到人为扰动后的生态环境,从生态的稳定性、地表侵蚀的敏感性、人为活动的干扰性以及生态环境变化的强度等方面进行研究,找到了一种基于稳定性-干扰性-侵蚀敏感性-变化检测的新定量评价方法.通过对该方法进行数据驱动试验,获得了比较理想的环境影响评价结果.

The study areas of the project of ＂The Environmental Impact Assessment in Special Railway Construction Project of the Jiuquan Steel Company＂ are in the semi-arid Northwest China, where ecology and environment are arid and vulnerable, with very low precipitation, strong surface evaporation, frequent days of dust and wind. The ecology and environment have a remarkable change owing to human activity. In this paper, based on RS and GIS, by using the common methods, such as graphic overlay method based on GIS, hierarchy analysis method, landscape ecology anal-ysis method and index method in the ecological environmental impact assessment, and making stability analysis of the ecological system, sensitivity evaluation of soil erosion, analyses of interference by human activity and changing intensities of the ecology and environment proceeding from the changes of vegetation, soil, physiognomy and wind, a new quantitative assessment method is found on the basis of stability-interference-erosion sensitivity examines. Through testing the method by data, a much good result is obtained.