近代英国上层党派关系宽容化摭论

On Tolerance by English Political Parties in Early Modern Time

英国辉格党和托利党诞生初期,一再涉于密谋和暴力。可18世纪以来,它们之间的宽容性在成长着,这与以后欧美大国党派斗争的惨烈形成对比。不列颠党派相对宽容有赖于国内政治形势变化,有着深厚的社会阶级根源。关键是该国政治家在漫长岁月中,通过政治斗争教训,对政党关系和反对党作用逐渐有了深刻的理性认知,使之运行于议会制之上,得到宪政庇护。

Plots and violence were tied up with Whig and Tory when they were born.But since the eighteenth century on,political tolerance was growing between the two parties whichever was in office or in opposition,which was quite different from the cruel and ferocious struggle among parties of later days in other European countries and the U.S.A.The relative tolerance of British political parties was rooted in social and class origin,but the most important fact is that the British political elites had learnt so much their lessons from their long years of struggle,that they gradually got a rational understanding of party relationship as well as the function of the Opposition: Party politics should operate within the parliamentary system and be protected by constitution.