从“社区参与”走向“社区增权”-- 西方“旅游增权”理论研究述评

From Community Participation to Community Empewerment——Review on Theoretical Study of "Tourism Empowerment" in Western Countries

增权是目的地获得可持续发展的重要前提。缺乏关于政治和权力关系的分析,仅将社区参与作为一个经济和技术过程而不是政治过程,是当前社区参与旅游发展在实践中不能取得真正进步的原因。本文对西方增权理论以及旅游研究中有关增权的研究成果进行了介绍和分析,认为旅游增权这一新兴理论的提出必将对未来发展中国家的旅游实践产生深刻的影响。文章剖析了西方旅游研究者仅仅关注于社区增权模式的局限性,提出个人增权先于社区增权的观点,并指出在把增权理论应用于中国的旅游实践时,除了西方学者倡导的信息增权和教育增权外,还需要将增权的范围扩展到"个人权利"的增进和制度增权,通过国家政治制度的建设保障个人权利和社区增权的合法性。

Tourism empowerment is an important prerequisite to sustainable development in destinations. Lack of analysis about the relationship between politics and power and merely community participation as economic and technical process rather than political process are the main reasons why current community participation in tourism development fails to make real progress. After introducing and analyzing the theory of empowerment in western countries and the study results obtained in this field, the paper holds the view that this new theory is bound to produce profound influence on future tourist practice in developing countries. While discussing the limitation of western tourist researchers concerning community empowerment model, the paper puts forward the viewpoint that personal empowerment should be prior to community empowerment and points out that while applying the theory of empowerment to tourist practice in China, we need to expand empowerment to ＂＇ personal right ＂ and institutional empowerment apart from information empowerment and education empowerment initiated by western scholars. It is imperative to secure the legitimation of personal right and community empowerment through the building of national political system.