用于土壤侵蚀试验的降雨模拟器研究进展

Advance of research on the rainfall simulators for soil erosion

述评悬线式、针头式、管网式、喷头式4种降雨模拟器的特性及其应用现状与前景。悬线式和针头式降雨模拟器具有降雨强度下限低、均匀性好等优点,但在模拟降雨时,控制面积小,雨滴粒径偏大而且单一,所以应用渐少。管网式与喷头式降雨模拟器所产生的雨滴粒径与能量分布与天然降雨更为接近,广泛应用于土壤侵蚀试验研究中。目前,智能化、自动化、大型化的降雨模拟大厅不断涌现,同时根据雨滴发生基本原理搭建的手控、简易的降雨模拟器仍有其强大的生命力。

Rainfall simulation is widely used for the experimental study on soil and water conservation. This paper reviews the characteristics, application, and prospect of rainfall simulator. The simulators could be divided into two main groups： the non-pressurised rainfall simulators, including the thread droppers and the needle droppers with drop formers primarily made of wool fibres or hypodermic needles, and the pressurised water rainfall simulators, including the spout and the sprayer, of which raindrops sprayed out of a row of spouts on the pipe or a nozzle under pressure. The former could be hardly found at present due to its drawback that the minimum size of drop produced is far larger and more even than most natural rainfall and the simulator could not easily generate rains with the similar energy to the natural one. Rainfall simulation halls with automatic operation and observation systems are booming in these years, but the basic simulators will not be completely replaced in virtue of the cheap price and convenient manipulation.