理想化的通向和谐之路——评歌德的《伊菲革涅亚在陶里斯》

A Utopian Way to Harmony——On Goethe's Iphigenie In Tauris

歌德在其"古典"主义初期的代表作《伊菲革涅亚在陶里斯》中通过人物内在、外在冲突的展示和解决表明了这样的主题:女主人公所拥有的"纯洁的人性"是消除人与自我、人与他人的矛盾冲突,从而抵达人与自我、人与他人的内在、外在和谐之境的途径。然而这实际上仅仅是一条以道德化的"超我"克服和消除人自身以及他人的现实的"自我"和原始的"本我"并由此获得人自身以及人与他人之间和谐的途径——它虽然反映了作者美好的道德理想及其对于人与自我、人与他人之间和谐关系的憧憬和愿望,但却不符合以弗洛伊德为代表的现代心理学对人的研究和认识以及现实生活中人的一般的普遍的心理和行为状况。此外,作者在创作这部剧作时的"古典"主义时期所提出的通过文艺作品的道德教育作用这一途径促使现代人和社会重获古希腊人和社会所具有的和谐统一的主张,也带有明显的理想化的色彩。

Iphigenie In Tauris, Goethe＇s representative work in early ＂Classical＂ time, through description and resolution of the characters＇ inner and outer conflicts, highlights such a subject that the ＂purified humanity＂ possessed by the female main character is the way to resolve conflicts inside and between human beings and the way leading to the inner and outer harmony of human beings. However, this is just a moral way to conquer human＇s ＂Superego＂, eliminate their realistic ＂Id＂ and born ＂Ego＂, and reach the harmony inside and between human beings. Though it reflects author＇s moral ideal and his longing and good wish of harmony inside and between human beings, it is out of line of the study and understanding on human beings in modern psychology represented by Freud, and falls short of human beings＇ general mentality and action in real life. Furthermore, the idea, raised in the ＂Classical＂ time when the author was creating this book, that through a moral education of literary works, modern people and society can be taught to reach a harmonious unity like Greek people and society, has obviously a Utopian sense.