从“文质”之辩看清初帝王与士林思想的趋同与合流

The Debate on Literature and Essence:The Trend toward Confluence between the Emperor and the Intelligentsia in the Early Qing Dynasty

本文是想通过展示清初士人和帝王对"文—质"关系的理解上由分歧走向趋同的过程,重新探讨知识阶层与帝王在鼎革之际如何重构他们之间的关系。"文质之辩"在中国文化史的脉络里有很长的诠释历史,在明末清初的鼎革时期又被赋予了新的含义。首先,清初满人作为异族入主中原承继大统,带来了新的生活方式,进而在思想与社会层面引起了一系列的变化,这些变化也改变了清初士人对"文—质"关系的传统理解。其次,汉人以南北区域和族群来界分文明与野蛮的传统认知受到了满人"大一统"理念的挑战和修正。第三,清初帝王和士林对奢靡还是质朴生活的选择也是在"文质"关系的理解上加以展开的,时明季生活方式持有共同的批评态度导致士人与帝王均对质朴生活加以推重,但在方向上有所区别,士人企图在基层社会恢复礼治的秩序,帝王则把抑制奢靡、崇尚质朴看作是统治权谋的一种表达。

In many periods of Chinese cultural history, there were debates on literature （wen） and essence （ zhi）, but these debates took on a greater significance as they were extended and refreshed during the late Ming and the early Qing dynasties. First of all, the Manchu conquerors, who had been despised as an ＂inferior race,＂ brought a new life style to the people of China proper, and they aroused a lot ideological and social changes. Intellectuals had to rethink the traditional problem of ＂literature and essence＂ to face this new era. The Han concept of civilized people and barbarians, which had been connected with the geograph ical distinction between South and North, was seriously challenged and revised to fit the new rulers＇ concept of ＂great unity. ＂ In terms of life style, whether to live extravagantly or nnostentatiously was increasingly a metaphor for the tactics of domination, not an individual decision. This article will reveal the process of how the emperor and the intellectuals comprehended and expressed their ideas of ＂literature and essence＂ and analyze their complicated relationship in the early Qing Dynasty.