从马克思主义到后马克思主义(上)——拉克劳与莫菲思想演进的全景透视

From Marxism to Post-Marxism——A Fully Viewing of Laclau and Mouffe's Thought Trajectory

英国后马克思主义代表人物拉克劳与莫菲的早期政治实践与理论著述表明,他们一度是传统马克思主义的守护者。在借用葛兰西的思想资源反批结构主义的马克思主义的过程中,他们阐述了一种摆脱经济决定论和阶级还原论的意识形态分析范式;而进一步使意识形态完全自主化的努力终于导致他们告别了阶级政治并删除了革命目的论。他们认为,在后工业社会的经济、政治、文化的巨大变迁面前,反抗的主体、反抗的形式、反抗的策略都与马克思的时代大不相同。在主体立场高度分散、破碎的条件下,诉诸阶级概念去达成政治统一性已是不切实际的幻想,再寄希望于被传统马克思主义视为普遍主体的无产阶级去完成人类的彻底解放已经没有什么可能性。然而。拉克劳与莫菲又不愿意放弃对资本主义的批判和对社会主义理想的追求。他们尝试着把后现代的话语理论与马克思主义的激进精神高度融合起来,着力构建出一种非阶级的反抗资本的政治认同模式。可以说,拉克劳与莫菲的激进政治既是对传统激进主义的后现代主义决裂,又是对新型激进民主的现代主义表述。

As British post-Marxist representative figure, Laclau and Mouffe had been defender of traditoonal Marxism. In criticising structural Marxism through the employment of Gramsci＇ theoreetical resources, they had elaborated a analysis paradigm about ideology which break off economic determinism and class reductionism. Further, their Attempt at making ideology autonomous have resulted in their farewelling to class politics and cancelling revolutionary teleology. They think that in the face of the economic, political and cultural vicissitudes of post-industrial society, subject, form, and strategy of resistance differ from that of Marx＇s times. Given the condition of fragmentary and different subject positions, It is unrealistic fantasy to form political unity appealing to the concept of class, and it is impossible for the proletariate as the universal subject to achieve the thorough emancipation of all mankind. Laclau and Mouffe, However, have not been willing to abandon the critique of capitalism and the pursuit of socialist ideal, so they attempt to fuse postmodern discource theory and radical spirit of Marxism, thereby to construct the nonelass mode of political identity of anti-capitalism. Therefore, Laclau and Mouffe＇radical politics is both postmodernist break with traditional radicalism and the modernist articulation of new form of radical demoeray.