明代传奉官研究

Study of Officials Appointed by Imperial Decrees in the Ming Dynasty

公元1368年太祖朱元璋于金陵建立明朝,累世近三百年的大明王朝在历史上产生了。朱元璋建国伊始,百废待兴,效法汉唐,继于宋元,开天辟地,自成一统。中央废丞相,设内阁;地方上废行省,设三司,集决策大权于一身。丞相用人大权也被剥夺殆尽,吏、兵二部虽然管理大小官员的任用,但仅能掌握中下层官员的管理任用,更使君主专制发展到了一个新阶段。明中叶以后吏部这仅有的权力也遭受到挑战,由皇帝直接任命的而非经过正常的吏部铨选的传奉官的出现就是其特点之一。

In 1368, emperor Zhu Yuanzhang aspired to seize Jinling, established the Ming Dynasty which had even existed for near 300 years in the history. At the beginning of the foundation of the Ming Dynasty, all neglected tasks were to being undertaken. Zhu Yuanzhang imitated the good in the Han and Tang Dynasty, inherited the good in the Song and Yuan Dynasty, and created a new dynasty in a way of his own. He abolished prime minister of central authorities, set up the cabinet; he discarded province of local authorities, set up three bureaus and thus he fully kept the decision-making power within his grasp. The power of prime minister in selecting someone for a certain job was also deprived. Besides, though the board of civil service and the board of war were in charge of appointing the officials but mainly in the lower-level management. All these led to a new stage of the autocratic monarchy＇s development. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the only right of the officials in the board of civil service suffered from challenge again, which can find one of its characteristics in the appearance of the officials appointed by imperial decrees without being selected by the board of civil service.