清代及民国时期乌江水道盐运研究

A Research of the Salt Transport on Wujiang Wartercourse in Qing Dynasty and the Repbulic of China

盐业是中国历代中央政府十分重视的一个特殊行业,历来属于官营专卖业。乌江水道不仅是川盐入黔的主要运道,而且也是川盐进入湘西、鄂西及渝东南有关州县食盐的重要运道。清代的食盐管理制度有票盐制、盐引制、计口授盐制、官运商销制;民国时期的食盐管理制度有自由运销、官办运销、食盐专卖、监销及零售公卖。乌江水道食盐的运输路线众多,其里程各不相同。乌江水道主要采取水陆驿运配合方式,并形成了以木船和背篼等为主要运输工具。

As a monopolized industry, salt industry has always been a special trade stressed by the central governments throughout Chinese history. Wujing watercourse was the main way for Sichuan salt to enter not only Guizhou, but also west Hunan, west Hubei and southest counties of Chongqing. The salt management system in Qing dynasty included ticket salt system, salt directive system, the system of providing salt according to family members, and the system of ＂official transport and merchants sell＂ . The management system in the Republic of China included the system of free transportation and marketing, the system official transportation and marketing＇ the system of salt monopolization, the system of supervised marketing, etc.. There were various routes for salt transport on the Wujiang River, with different, mileages. The mode of combining water and land was the main method of salt shipping on the Wujiang watercouse, with wood boat and bamboo basket being the major transporting tools. The writers of this paper attempt to explore the salt transportation on the Wujiang watercourse in Qing dynasty and the period of the Republic of China in the hope that more scholars will make further researches of the salty industry in these two periods.