农村水厂应用“饮水安全计划”研究

Study on Application of Water Safety Plan to Rural Water Supply Plant

目的建立适合我国农村集中式供水水厂特点的"饮水安全计划"方法。方法于2007年6—10月,选择浙江省某农村集中式供水水厂作为研究对象,应用《WHO饮水水质准则》(2004)和《波恩安全饮用水宪章》(2004)中的"危害评价和分析"方法对其进行典型研究,并建立一套饮水安全保障体系。结果水源环节中的"气候和季节变化带来的水质变化"和"水源防护区乱堆垃圾"、配水管网环节中的"干、支管材老化、渗漏"以及"应急措施不力"和"停电后发电不及时"是对饮用水水质影响比较大的风险因素。针对以上风险因素,制订了供水系统控制措施,如加强水源地的保护和管理,对水处理环节进行监测和校正措施,加强对配水管网的检修以及建立针对各种突发事件的应急机制,完善岗位操作制度、药品和仓库管理制度等。结论采用"饮水安全计划"方法能够识别我国农村集中式供水水厂存在的水质危害因素,并建立"饮水安全计划"。"饮水安全计划"方法适用于我国农村集中式供水水厂的管理。

Objective To establish an appropriate method for Water Safety Plan （WSP） applied in China rural centralized water supply or plants. Methods Certain water supply plant in Zhejiang province was selected for WSP Study, Jun.-Oct., 2007. The hazard analysis and evaluation were applied according to WHO ＂Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality＂ （2004） and ＂Bonn Charter＂ （Sep 2004）, and a safe drinking water guarantee system had been setup. Results The main risk factors that may effect the water quality were water quality variations from climate and seasonal changes, refuse dumping in source water protection area, aging and leaking in pipelines, emergency measure incompetent and failure to resume power supply promptly after power cut off. The corresponding control measures were established on main and prominent hazards identified. The main control measures were： strengthening the source water protection and management, monitoring the water treatment process, maintaining the network in time, improving system of post responsibility （for the work done by each individual at his post） and improving chemical reagents managements. Conclusion To use the methods in WSP can identify the hazards or risk factors in the rural centralized water supply plants and the WSP will be established. WSP is feasible to be applied in the management of rural centralized water supply plants in China.