从表型可塑性、生态型到药用植物化学型的研究

From Phenotypic Plasticity,Ecotype to Chemotype of Medicinal Plants

文章回顾与总结了表型可塑性、生态型研究的成果,重点介绍了表型可塑性的表现形式,表型可塑性对环境的适应性,表型可塑性的遗传基础,表型可塑性的生物学意义,以及生态型的产生,以及生态型的概念、生物学本质及划分方法,并在此基础上,介绍了化学型的概念及研究现状。根据生物学的基本定律,表型变异=遗传变异+环境饰变,系统分析了化学型与表型可塑性和生态型的关系及其形成机制和生物学本质,指出表型可塑性、生态型及化学型形成的机制都是遗传变异与环境饰变的共同作用的结果,区别是前者更关注环境饰变,而后二者则同时关注遗传变异与环境饰变的共同作用。最后,借鉴表型可塑性、生态型的研究成果,提出了化学型的研究策略:首先,认为药用植物化学型的研究中应重视研究样品的全面性和代表性,化学型与其它表观性状的相关性,化学型的地理相关性,化学型与基因型的相关性等问题。然后,针对种内化学成分变异是否呈现明显或较明显间断分别给出了化学型的分类原则,对化学成分变异存在明显或较明显变异的物种,要求其化学型的划分尽量做到与某个有明显变异的表型性状相关,与空间地理环境相关,与物种的遗传分划相关;对于化学成分呈现连续变异的物种,可借鉴农学上的"等级系列划分法",不把生态型截然分开,而将其看成一个变化系列来考虑。最后,初步提出了化学型的研究思路和方法为:化学成分明显变异的发现→化学成分变异幅度及规律的系统分析→化学型的初步划分→表型相关性、地理相关性及遗传背景分析→化学型划分结果的修正→受控试验→化学型的确定→药效安全性评价。

This paper summarized the recent research progress in phenotypic plasticity and ecotype of plants and chemotype of medicinal plants at first, which including the manifestation of phenotypic plasticity and its adaptability to environment, genetic foundation of phenotypic plasticity, the concept of ecotype and its biological essences and classification, the concept of the chemotype and its study status and so on. Then according to the basic theorem in biology, Phenotypic Variation = Genetic Variation ＋ Environment Modification, the paper systematic analyzed the inner relationship of the concept of phenotypic plasticity, the ecotype and chemotype and their essential nature in biology. Finally, referring the outcome in study of phenotypic plasticity and ecotype, this paper discussed the strategies in the study of chemotype of medicinal plants. It was follows： There were something very important in study of the chemotype, we must, 1） Ensure the studied samples quality in completeness and representative; 2） Pay more attention in the correlation between chemotype and phenotypic properties which may cohere with the chemotype; 3） Emphasize the study on the correlation between the chemotype and the geographical distribution of the plants; 4） Concern the correlation between chemotype and its genotype. It put forward the principles for classification of chemotype according the composite, which were 1 ） When the intraspecific chemical composition show discontinuous variation, a chemotype should be classified or affirmed if this classification is coherence with some phenotypic characters variation, and/or geographic variation and /or genetic variation; 2 ） When the intraspecific chemical composition show continuous variation, a chemotype should be regarded as a series, we can classify the chemotype as a grade variation series instead of the split ones referring to the agricultural methods. It was suggested that the study of chemotype should be proceeded forward as follows： discovery about obvious intraspecific variation of chemical composition, → systematic analysis on the intraspecific variation of chemical composition in order to make sure the extent and rule about variation, → giving a primary classification of the chemotype, → detection of the coherence of the chemotype to the geographical variation and genetic variation, → modification of the chemotype, →proceeding under controlled experiments for proving the classification, → confirmation of the chemotype→ evaluation of the classification of chemotype by pharmacology methods.