药用植物品种选育的特殊性及其对策措施

Specialties and Measures on Variety Breeding of Chinese Medicinal Materials

药用植物品种选育主要包括系统选育、染色体倍性育种、杂交育种、诱变育种、分子育种等,药用植物品种选用当前存在的问题是基础研究薄弱、品种选育机制不健全、推广应用差。与一般植物相比,药用植物品种选育具有种类繁多、产量、质量双重要求;同一药用植物有多个药用部位、独特的生态生物学特性、浓厚的地域等特殊性。药用植物品种选育对策包括:①加强种质资源研究,构建中药资源的核心种质库;②把握品种选育目标,兼顾产量、质量、抗逆性、不同药用部位等多重要求;③重视道地药材及野生品,使其质量、产量、抗性等诸多指标更符合中药优良品种的要求;④重视数量性状研究,把表型方差和环境方差分离出来,并判断出选择群体各性状的变异程度,使选择具有预见性;⑤建立健全品种选育机制,对优质新品种实行注册证书管理;⑥加强优良品种推广。

The development of new methods and technologies on the variety breeding of Chinese Medicinal Materials （CMM）, such as systematic breeding, multiple chromosome breeding, cross breeding, induced breeding, molecular breeding, took great achievement on variety breeding of CMM, but there were still some weakness in variety breeding of CMM, for example, inadequate study on basic theories of variety breeding of CMM, the lack of the quality breeding, variety screening and registering, and the weakness in application of new good cultivars. This paper pointed out the differences between the medicine plants and the other plants. First, variety breeding of CMM were more difficult than the agriculture cultivar because the original of the variety breeding of CMM were much more than the later, otherwise, the basic research data and experiences of CMM variety breeding were weaker than the later. Then, both the quality and qualitative were important in medicinal plant breeding, the quality concept of the CMM were much different to the others medicinal species because it concerned the secondary metabolism especially. Third, several parts might be used in one medicinal plants which caused difficulty in variety breeding. Final, many medicinal plants had the unique biological characters and most of the medicinal plants had the geographic habitat. It proposed the strategy on variety breeding of CMM as follows： 1 ）strengthen the basic study of germplasm and construct the database of core germplasma, which are the basic of the variety breeding; 2） pay more attention of the objective of the variety breeding, either the quantity, quality, resistance of the stress and which part would be used should be considered carefully; 3）pay more attention to the geoherbs and the wild ones during the variety breeding since the former were representative of the good variety and the later were rich in germplasm; 4）concerned more about the quantity trace and separate the environment variety from the Phenotypic variety in order to made sure about which were the genetic variety; 5 ） constructs and optimized the mechanism of the variety breeding, and give registering of the new good cultivars; 6）give publicity to the new good cultivars and promote their cultivation in field.