宋元时代的通事与通事军

The Tongshi (通事) and Tongshi Armies in the Song and Yuan Dynasty

通事在中国古代常用来指翻译人员,但在宋元时代,又被用来指一种特殊群体,即因避罪、被掳掠等原因而寓居他国的异族人,其中许多人原来的身份是驱口。蒙古与宋战争期间,南宋曾利用这些人组建雇佣军,用以抵抗蒙古人。元朝也采取过反招降政策,下令赦免这些人,并解除他们的驱口身份。因此,通事在元代又有"回回通事"、"放良通事"等不同称谓。南宋灭亡后,原来南宋的通事军人大都被收编进镇戍军系统——"通事汉军上万户府",驻扎长江下游的江阴、许浦,万户一职则由负责收编工作的李占哥子李八撒儿及其后裔世袭。

In ancient China,the Tongshi usually referred to translators.But in the Song and Yuan Dynasty,the term also referred to a special group,some people from different tribes who were captured or escaped punishment and had to live in foreign lands.Lots of them were Qukou(驱口,slaves).In the war between Mongolian and Song,they were numbers of mercenary armies of South Song.The Yuan have given pardon for them and free them from Qukou as countermeasure.So the Tongshi were called Huihui Tongshi or Fangliang Tongshi in Yuan Dynasty.After the ruin of the South Song,the Tongshi armies were cooperated into the Tongshi Hanjun Shang Wanghufu of the system of Zhenshu armies(local armies).They quarter at Jiangyin and Xupu in lower Yangtze River and their leader,Wanghu,was Li Basaer,the son of Li Zhange,who was charge of the cooperation.