戊戌维新与“近代救亡的中国观”的中级形态

The Reform Movement of 1898 and the Intermediate Form of "Saving-China View in Modern Times"

清楚地意识到列强侵略使中华民族处于亡国灭种的边缘,在批判地继承洋务派思想的基础上,康有为等维新派把"近代救亡的中国观"推向了中级形态:中国幅员辽阔而物博,人民广众而聪颖,文化悠远而深厚,居地球第一等大国之资格;惨败于东瀛日本,遭遇列强瓜分,乃奇耻大辱;唤醒人民的自强意识,建设巩固多民族统一的大中国,才能免于亡国灭种,进而在国际舞台上发挥重要作用;挽救中国于危亡的根本途径是变更政治体制,以此带动军事、经济、文化的更新;服务于变法救亡,需要进化的历史观、自由平等的人权观、主权在民的国家观以及冲决网罗的批判精神。宣传救亡、推进改革、更新观念是戊戌维新运动的不朽功绩,但对中国国情的分析不够,对中国各社会阶层的认识肤浅,找不到变革中国的根本动力和现实方法,导致了变法运动的失败。

Having a clear consciousness of the condition that China was on the verge of becoming extinct for the foreign invasions and inheriting in a critical way the theories of the Westernization Movement, some reformists like Kang Youwei turned ＂saving the nation view in the modern times＂ into an intermediate form： China, with its vastness and abundant resources and large population and intelligent people, was entitle to first-class membership among the great powers of the world; China being defeated by the Japanese in the 1894-5 War and carved up by the western powers is a gigantic shame for the Chinese; People＇ s awareness of becoming strong should be awakened and a unified multi-racial state ought to be founded so that China could be freed from extinction and play a greater role in the world affairs; the essential way of saving China is to reform the political system, thus giving impetus to the reconstruct of the army, economy and culture; and to save the nation, reformists should develop their evolutional historical view, freedom and equality view, the government view of resting power on the people and the critical spirit. Publicizing the view of saving China, boosting the reforms and updating the outlook are the great feats of the Reform Movement. But it did not have a thorough analysis of the Chinese situations or a deeper understanding of the different classes in China, and could now find the real drive for the reforms or realistic way out, hence leading to the failure of the movement.