晚清外交的另一种困境：以1887年朝鲜遣使事件为中心的研究

Another Challenge to the Diplomacy of the Late Qing Dynasty:with a Focus on Korea's Sending of Envoys in 1887

1887年,朝鲜政府决定向欧美各国派遣使节,以对国际社会宣示其外交"自主"。清政府在阻止不成的情况下,制定了朝鲜使节必须遵循的三项规定(称"三端"),以维持中国宗主地位。朝鲜方面虚以应付,奉命出使美国的朴定阳抵美后,无视"三端",自行其是。清政府认为朴定阳"态度不逊",要求朝鲜撤回并加惩处。朝鲜政府一再拖延敷衍。由于清政府自身虚弱,强硬政策难以如愿。朝鲜遣使事件表征了清政府面对朝鲜力图挣脱控制、争取"自主"外交时的困境与无奈。

In 1887, the Korean government decided to send envoys to the US and European countries to show its 'independence and autonomy' to the international community. Having failed to stop Korea from doing this, the Qing made three rules for these Korean envoys, in the hope of maintaining its suzerainty. Despite ostensible compliance on the part of the Korean government, its envoy to the US, Park Chung Yang, simply ignored the rules. The Qing government demanded that Park be recalled and disciplined for his 'disrespectful manner,' but the Korean authorities responded to Chinese requests with excuses and delays. The Qing Dynasty was too weak to implement its hardline foreign policy. The case of the Korean envoys revealed the Qing government's helplessness in the face of the challenge of Korean attempts to get free and carry out 'independent and autonomous' diplomacy.