夏承焘的考据之学与批评之学

Theory of Textual Criticism and Criticism of Xia Chengtao

夏承焘早年从事词的考据之学,中年以后转入词的批评之学。他的考据成果如《唐宋词人年谱》、《姜白石词编年笺校》、《唐宋词论丛》等著作,代表了20世纪词人谱牒之学、白石词乐之学与声韵之学的最高成就。他的批评成果如《月轮山词论丛》和《词学论札》所收录的相关文章,也有自己鲜明的特色。从考据之学到批评之学,体现了夏承焘在研究方法上由"词内看词"到"词外看词"的重要转变。他的"词内看词"表现为对词的字、句、声、韵、调、体式、版本等的校勘和考订;他的"词外看词"则表现为诗词之比较、词文之对读、词作与词论之互参,以及由作者的时代、环境、遭遇、个性、政治倾向、生活态度、文学观念,考察作品的思想、情感、表现形式与风格等等。"词内看词"与"词外看词"各有优点和局限,夏承焘的过人之处是能把两者较好地结合起来。

Xia Chengtao was engaged in textual criticism of Ci in his youth and turned to critical theories of Ci in his middle age. His achievement in textual criticism, such as The Chronicle of Ci ＇s Writers of Tang and Song and Annotation and Chronicle of J iang Baishi ＇ s Ci and Discussion of Ci of Tang and Song, represented the highest achievement of genealogy of the Ci writer and the music theory of Baishi ＇s Ci and theory of phonology in the 20th Century. His achievement in criticism such as Discussion of Yuelunshan Ci and Discussion of theory of Ci has a distinct characteristic style of his own. His change from textual criticism to critical theories manifests an important transition from ＂textual research on Ci＂ to ＂comparative research on Ci＂. His ＂textual research on Ci＂ displays textual criticism of word, sentence, sound, rhyme, accent, writing style and edition. His ＂comparative research on Ci＂ displays comparison between Ci and poetry, Ci and essay, Ci and Ci theory, as well as research on Ci emotion, manifestation and style through the author＇s time, environment, experience, individuality, political orientation, life and literary ideals. Xia Chengtao can unify two aspects very well although they have both merits and limitations.