长江口潮滩湿地鸟类适栖地营造实验及短期效应

A restoration trial of bird habitat on the intertidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary and its short-term effects

2006～2007年,在总结以往研究的基础上,根据鸟类生态学和生态工程学原理,在长江口崇明岛西端潮滩湿地进行了7hm2(实验工程区和对照区各50%)鸟类适栖地营建实验。结果表明,实验工程区生态系统的生境单元和生物组分(植被、大型底栖动物、鱼类和鸟类等)均发生了明显变化。实验工程区由原来以芦苇群落为主的潮滩湿地变成以明水面、光滩、植被复合结构的湿地鸟类栖息地(明水面面积占40%、浅滩占30%、植被占30%)。植被从成片芦苇变为斑块芦苇、灌木丛和其它多类植物并存的格局;大型底栖动物的种类数由开始实验时的下降,逐渐恢复并超过对照区水平,多出约62%;从无纳鱼功能变成有纳鱼功能,秋冬季滞纳鱼类达16种。鸟类群落组成的变化最突出,实验目标鸟类——潮滩湿地鸟(鸻形目Charadriiformes;和鹳形目Ciconiiformes)以及非目标鸟类的种类和数量均明显高于对照区,共记录到56种,比对照区增加了56%。由此说明,本研究的鸟类适栖地营建的生态工程学思路和技术是可行的,在河口湿地生态恢复和重建中具有一定的推广价值。

A study for bird habitats was conducted in inter-tidal flat area of Chongxi Wetland, Yangtze Estuary, during the periods from 2006 to 2007. A 7-hm^2 area was established for wetland restoration with 50% of the area for restoration and 50% of the area for control, respectively. Results showed that there were significantly developments in vegetation communities, macrobenthic, fish and bird habitats on the landscape of the restoration site. During restoration period, Reed （Phragmites australis） marsh in restoration site developed to a diverse area with open-water （40%）, mud flat （30%）, and multi-vegetation communities （30%）. A diversity of vegetation succession with patch reeds, forest belt and other species was established during the study period ; even the number of macrobenthic species was declined at the beginning of study period. However, it was found that there are more macrobenthic species （ 〉 65 % ） in the restoration site than that of the control site in 2007. After restoration, 16 fish species were found in autumn and winter. The most significant development of this restoration site was bird communities. 56 bird species were found, including Charadriiformes and Ciconiiformes which we expected to obtain through ecological restoration, which was 56% more than the controlled area. This ecological restoration study shows that the idea and technique developed by ecological engineering is reasonable and feasible. It is suggested that this study can apply to ecological restoration of the estuarine wetlands in China.