自发熵减少及其统计公式

Spontaneous Entropy Decrease and Its Statistical Formula

世界为何能抵抗熵增加定律而涌现自组织结构?孤立系统的熵是否永远只增不减?热力学退化和自组织进化可否统一,如何统一?本文从非平衡熵演化方程出发,论证内部有相互吸引力作用的非平衡系统可能会自发涌现一种新的熵减少,它与传统的熵增加定律共存,互相抵消,结果导致孤立系统的总熵可能减少,从而不仅使孤立系统亦促进开放系统涌现自组织结构。本文推导出这种新的熵减少率的统计公式,并从数学形式和微观物理基础两方面与作者前些年得到的熵增加定律的统计公式作了对比;进而给出孤立系统和开放系统的总熵变化率公式,前者由熵增加定律公式和新的熵减少率公式相加决定,后者为熵增加、熵减少和熵流出3项的代数和,二者都显示了热力学退化和自组织进化的统一。应用本文理论公式,定性地讨论了两个实际孤立系统不均匀结构的形成,包括对宇宙热寂推论的澄清。

Why can the world go against the law of entropy increase and produce self-organizing structures？ Does the entropy of an isolated system always increase and never decrease？ Can the thermodymamic degradation and the self-organizing evolution be united？ How do they unite？ This paper, starting from the nonequilibrium entropy evolution equation, proves that a new entropy decrease may spontaneously emerge in a nonequilibrium system with internal attractive interactions. This new entropy decrease coexists with the traditional law of entropy increase, and they countervail each other, so that the total entropy of an isolated system can decrease. It not only makes an isolated system but also helps an open system to produce self-organizing structures. A statistical formula for this new entropy decrease rate is derived and compared both in its mathematical form and in the microscopic physical foundation with the statistical formula for the law of entropy increase, which was derived by the author of this paper some years ago. Then, the formulas for the time rate of change of total entropy in an isolated system and an open system are given. That for an isolated system is equal to the sum of the entropy increase according to the law of entropy increase and that according to the new entropy decrease rate, the time rate of change of total entropy in an open system is the algebraic sum of the entropy increase, entropy decrease and entropy flow. All of them manifest the unity of thermodynamic degradation and serf-organizing evolution. As an application of the new theoretical formulas, this paper discusses qualitatively the emergency of inhomogeneous structure in two real isolated systems and clarifies the inference about the heat death of the universe.