《万叶集》中的“からくに”与“からひと”

"Kara kuni" and "Kara-hito" in Manyoshu

《万叶集》所载的"可良久尓""可良国""韓国"并不指唐,"唐"也不包含韩国;"人""韓人"以及"辛人"不包含唐人,仅指朝鲜人。"唐"训读为"もろこし"或音读为"とう",不能训读为"から"。这与奈良时代的国家正史把"唐"训读为"もろこし"是一致的,其根源在于唐文化对日本文化的重大影响。这种文化层面上的影响,与把"韩"训读为"から"——出于根深蒂固的地域概念——是完全不同的。

In Manyoshu, what was pronounced as “Kara kuni” and written first as “Keliang-guo” and later as “Han-guo” did not refer to the State of Tang Dynasty. What was called “Tang” at the time did not include Korea. What was pronounced as “Kara- hito” and written as “Han-ren”, “Hen-ren” or “Xin-ren” did not include the Chinese in the Tang Dynasty. They referred to Koreans only. Furthermore, “Tang” did not represent Korea just as “Tang-ren” did not refer to Koreans. All this is in line with the fact that “Tang” was pronounced as “Morokosi” in the authorized history books of the Nara Age, largely because the culture of the Tang dynasty had a great impact on the Japanese culture. This cultural difference is distinct from the difference resulting from deeply rooted geographical notions as is shown in “Han” once read as “Kara”.