资源枯竭型城市生态补偿机制研究--以辽宁阜新为例

Ecological Compensation Mechanism for Those Cities Where Natural Resources Have Been Exhausted——With Fuxin of Liaoning Province as Example

大量"掠夺式"的开采导致资源枯竭型城市的生态环境破坏严重,采空塌陷等人为地质灾害频发。由于资源枯竭型城市地方财政入不敷出,大量职工处于贫困状态,产业结构单一,经济总量小,煤炭资源逐渐萎缩等,生态补偿机制的建立存在太多障碍。资源枯竭型城市生态补偿机制的建立不仅需要采用财政转移支付,矿山环境损害行政补偿,对环境污染和环境破坏者实行征税、收费或罚款,发展替代产业等政府调控手段,还应当采用BOT融资,发行生态彩票,建立生态补偿基金、矿山环境恢复治理保证金制度,培育和完善探矿权和采矿权市场等市场调节手段。

The exhaustive exploitation of natural resources in the surrounding areas of a city led its whole area to face dangerous ecological condition and geological disasters, such as goal caving taken place frequently. How to provide an ecological compensation mechanism for the city has become a hard task to cope with the local difficulties including financial deficits, lots of workers in poverty, unitary industrial mix, low GDP and especially the greatly diminished coal resource. To set up the ecological compensation mechanism of the city, what are needed include not only the governmental control means such as the financial transfer payment, administrative compensation for environmental disruption due to coal mining with taxation, charging or penalty for those persons who were responsible for the environmental pollution and disruption and developing alternative industries, but also the market control measures such as raising funds via BOT and issuing lottery for ecological compensation, guaranty funds for mining environment restoration and improving the market of prospecting/mining rights.