北京城市化发展对温度、相对湿度和降水的影响

Urbanization Effect on Climate in Beijing

利用1961-2000年北京13个台站的气候观测资料及北京统计年鉴资料,分析了过去40年北京城区、郊区的气温、相对湿度和降水等气候因子的年际、季节变化趋势,结合北京城市化进程中人口、基本设施投资额、房屋施工面积和道路面积等城市发展数据的年际变化进行分析。结果表明：在这40年中,北京城区、郊区的年平均温度都呈明显上升趋势,城区比郊区上升幅度快,热岛强度也在不断加强,其中以城区最低温度上升最为明显,并且热岛强度与北京人口等城市发展数据的年际变化有较强的相关性。城区年平均相对湿度总体呈下降趋势,郊区则略有上升;本地年均降水量呈下降趋势,城区下降幅度比郊区明显,并且波动性增强。各气候因子的季节变化趋势总体上与年平均变化趋势一致,个别季节变化趋势受城市化及季节自身因素影响,与年平均变化趋势有所差异。过去40年北京城区、郊区的气候演变趋势及与城市发展数据的关系表明,城市的快速发展和城市化进程的加快已经对北京局地气候变化产生了重要的影响。

By climate observation data collected from 13 weather stations of Beijing region from the period from 1961 to 2000 and the data of yearbook in Beijing region,annual and seasonal variation of temperature,relative humidity and precipitation of urban and rural stations in Beijing area during those 40 years and the data of Beijing development were analyzed.The results showed that annual temperatures of urban and rural stations in Beijing area increased obviously.The average temperature and the lowest temperature in urban stations increased faster than those in rural ones.The urban heat island was also increasing and there was a significantly positive correlation between urbanization index and heat island intensity.The relative humidity in urban stations in Beijing area decreased while the relative humidity of rural stations in Beijing area increased slightly.Precipitations in Beijing area decreased obviously.The precipitation in urban stations decreased faster and fluctuated greatly than that in rural ones.Seasonal variation trends of temperature,relative humidity and precipitation of urban and rural stations in Beijing area were consistent with their annual variation trends.The differences of variation trends between some seasons and their annual resulted from the effect of urbanization and seasonal characteristics.The climate variation trends in Beijing during the recent 40 years and the data of Beijing development indicated that the rapid development of Beijing city and urbanization had greatly influenced the local climate change in Beijing.